freeclo Violence and Free Will in Anthony Burgess A...

Violence as an Expression of Free Will in A Clockwork Orange This essay will deal with the subject of free choice, which is the main topic of the novel, A Clockwork Orange . This significant problem is already indicated in the very first line of the text when an unknown voice asks Alex - and certainly by that the reader - What s it going to be then, eh? (13). Being repeated at the beginning of the second part and at the beginning of the very last chapter of the third part this question sets up the thematic frame of the book. It asks the protagonist what he is going to chose, good or evil. Likewise it addresses to the reader to consider his own choice, too (14). Anthony Burgess is intensely committed to this†¦show more content†¦A similar method of characterization is applied to Alex antagonist, the free-thinker F. Alexander. Though he is generally a charming person, fighting against the nasty government, he changes into a furious, revengeful old man as he finally recognizes Alex. With this kind of characterization Burgess takes away over plus sympathy for F. Alexander and unmasks him as a traitor of his own ideals .Mr. Alexanders complacent and blasà © style of writing makes his ambitions somehow suspect (16). So does his behaviour as he recognizes Alex. He promptly seems to forget his charity for mankind and the victims of supreme power (17). As we now know that Alex and F. Alexander are the principal heterogeneous pairing of the novel, we see that they hold different ethical and moral attitudes. Yet it is impossible to divide them up into good and evil. Both of them carry features of a benefactor, respectively a malefactor. Thereby the story achieves authenticity as the characters correspond closer to real human nature. Besides, this character constellation expresses the general relation of good and evil in the world and our possibility to make a choice between them. This is demonstrated by the similar names of

Flannery O Connor And Religion - 961 Words

Flannery O’Connor and Religion in Literature In Flannery O’Connor’s short stories, she often relates them to religion or incorporates a religious form in her stories. O’Connor highlights Christian themes throughout her writing. From her stories familiar to the bible, to death and religious views, its simple to see O’Connor’s religious understanding of God. She ties in her Christian views through her writing, which have a distinct and unique quality. O’Connor often expresses her views of God throughout her literature career. Although her religious themes are not always clear, readers can misunderstand her at times. Some authors may not agree with her style writing and choose not to call her a religious writer for reasons. O’Connor’s stories are based on her Christian beliefs but are not preaching or teaching them. Her stories relay beliefs in the context of the actions and lives of her characters. Some short stories we observe this in are â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Findâ € , â€Å"The River†, and â€Å"Good Country People†. By analyzing these short stories we can see how she tied in her Christian beliefs and incorporated them into the characters and scenarios they encounter. In â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† she doesn’t link the beliefs into a character but rather then ending scenario. We see religion in â€Å"The River† from the start with the character Harry and his actions in the story. Religious suggestions are also seen in â€Å"Good Country People†. The main character is a missionary bibleShow MoreRelatedHypocritical Religion1175 Words   |  5 Pages Everyone has their own feelings when it comes to religion. Some people are big on worshiping God, while others could care less about believing in a God or not. Flannery ‘o Connor, who was a zealous Roman Catholic, wrote stories with the underlining mean that Catholics work harder for their beliefs than any other religions. She uses her writing to vent about Christians singly using God when their life gets difficult, instead of living by the Christian faith. A story she wrote called â€Å"A Good ManRead MoreSummary Of A Good Man Is Hard And Find By Flannery O Connor1114 Words   |  5 Pages Man is Hard to Find Theme Essay: Religion ENG1300/ Literature Anthony Copeland December 16, 2014 In the short story, â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† by Flannery O’ Connor, the major theme in this story to me is how religion plays such a larger role in some lives more than others. The grandmother, a prime example for this, shows throughout the story that having â€Å"faith† isn’t a saving grace and misplaced faith could possibly get you killed. The major confrontationRead MoreFlannery OConner and the use of grotesque character in Good country people and a good man is hard to find1226 Words   |  5 Pagescentury writing (Holman 61). Almost all of O Connor s short stories usually end in horrendous, freak fatalities or, at the very least, a character s emotional devastation. People have categorized O Connor s work as Southern Gothic (Walters 30). In Many of her short stories, A Good Man Is Hard To Find for example, Flannery O Connor creates grotesque characters to illustrate the evil in people. Written in 1953, A Good Man Is Hard To Find is one of O Connor s most known pieces of work and hasRead MoreA Proposal1240 Words   |  5 Pages A Proposal: A Good Man is Hard to Find In 1953, the short story â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to Find† was published in the anthology Modern Writing I by Avon Publications. Around the year 1955, a collection of short stories by Flannery O’Connor became published. The themes of these stories range from baptism to serial killers and then to human greed and exploration. For the majority of these novels, the main character undergoes a spiritual change due to violent scenesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Story Disclosure By Flannery O Connor962 Words   |  4 PagesFlannery O Connor s experience impacted her to compose the short story Disclosure. One vital effect on the story is her Southern childhood. Amid her lifetime, Southerners were exceptionally biased towards individuals of different races and ways of life. They trusted that individuals who were less lucky were second rate compared to them; accordingly, individuals were named as various things and put into various social classes. The South gave O Connor the pictures she required for her charactersRead MoreO Connor s Life1323 Words   |  6 PagesKnown for her short stories and well known novels, author Flannery O’Connor has been a vision of American literature for the last eighty years. Born and raised in Savannah, Georgia during the Great Depression, O’Connor grew up during an era of hardship and trouble trying to focus on her studies while her family was battling financial difficulties. During this time of O’Connor’s life is where her short stories begin to form and her desire to share her experiences of love, friendship, and life blossomedRead MoreAnalysis Of O Connor s Writing Essay707 Words   |  3 PagesCourtney Blackmon Horn English 11- seventh period 29 January 2015 Corruption Within Christ Religion is a big influence in Flannery O Connor s writing. â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† stresses the idea of good and evil. This can also be viewed at the evil in Christ. The story is set in the early 1900s. â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† begins with a woman and her disabled daughter sitting on their porch and she notices a man walking towards their home. The man, Mr. Shiftlet, sees an old carRead MoreAnalysis Of O Connor s Writing746 Words   |  3 PagesCourtney Blackmon Horn English 11- seventh period 29 January 2015 Corruption Within Christ Religion is a big influence in Flannery O Connor s writing. â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† stresses the idea of good and evil. This can also be viewed at the evil in Christ. The story is set in the early 1900s. â€Å"The Life You Save May Be Your Own† begins with a woman and her disabled daughter sitting on their porch and she notices a man walking towards their home. The man, Mr. Shiftlet, sees an old carRead MoreGrandmother vs. the Misfit in A Good Man Is Hard to Find987 Words   |  4 Pagesto Find In the story A Good Man is Hard to Find by Flannery O Connor, the theme is strongly supported throughout the story and is stated in the title of the story itself. In A Good Man is Hard to Find, O Connor uses symbolism throughout the entire story to represent faith and death. O Connor foreshadows death when the family goes to the town Toomsboro. The graveyard in the plantation is a symbol of death, and O Connor also writes, It was a big black battered hearse like automobileRead MoreFlannery O Connor Is Considered One Of The Most Successful Writer979 Words   |  4 PagesMary Flannery O’Connor is considered one of the most successful short story writers in history. She composed her works during a period of prosperity and economic boom following World War II. Although the economy was thriving, the 1950’s were a period of struggle for women’s rights, as well as other minorities. (Digital History) Based on her success, one could conclude O’Connor exceeded all barriers against women during the fifties. Flannery O’Connor’s life experiences based on her faith, her novels

Critical Review Of Ivanhoe By The Jackal free essay sample

Essay, Research Paper Reappraisal of Ivanhoe By Sir Walter Scott The Jackal 2/22/99 Ivanhoe is an adventure narrative set in 12th century England during the Holy Crusades of # 8220 ; Richard the Lion-Hearted # 8221 ; ( King of England ) . This novel is one of great suspense and action, which elicits out great emotion such as heroism and love. The writer, Sir Walter Scott can be considered a historical narrator. He brings together characters of his imaginativeness and topographic points them in the rough environment of the mediaeval universe, which gives the reader a feeling of exhilaration and danger while reading this book. Scott # 8217 ; s manner of authorship, in the 3rd individual, makes the narrative even more exciting. He brings the reader into an action scene or a love scene with great genuineness by depicting in item the events that take topographic point, which adds to the pragmatism of the narrative. He besides uses flashbacks in the sense that he tells the narrative of one character so goes back in clip to state the narrative of a different character. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Review Of Ivanhoe By The Jackal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He besides uses these flashbacks as a method of developing each character in a much easier manner. Finally, his program is to engage all of the character # 8217 ; s lives to bring forth the dramatic result of the narrative when Ivanhoe defeats the wicked knight and saves the maiden. What I enjoy about his manner is that he gives the reader elusive intimations to what may go on next. For illustration, Rebecca warns Gurth, a pigman, about brigands, which leads to a confrontation between them. This draws the reader further in a nd makes him desire to travel deeper into the narrative. Scott paved the route for this manner of historical authorship. A great illustration is that he makes Sir Wilfred of Ivanhoe the hero and non King Richard who is more powerful than him. He bases this narrative on existent topographic points and existent events that took topographic point which add to the naturalness of the narrative. Furthermore, he added love affair to the normally boring historical fiction novel to do it even more reliable. He is said to be the first to unite love affair and history in such great item to do them really realistic. He gave his characters great personalities and personal appeal by giving them certain rules. One rule that Scott bestowed upon his male, baronial characters was gallantry. Chivalry can be described as great and deathless regard for truth, award, and adult females. Ivanhoe # 8217 ; s motive is his gallantry and pride that keeps him loyal to King Richard even though it meant his ain male parent would disinherit him. His gallantry and bravery are displayed at the terminal of the novel when Ivanhoe rides in to contend for Lady Rebecca and lickings Brian De Bois-Guilbert, the knight whose passions for Rebecca caused his ain decease. In decision, Ivanhoe was a fresh in front of its clip, a true classic that was great when it was written and still great today. For Sir Walter Scott to unite escapade, love, and award in the manner that he did is clever. I genuinely loved this book and if any of Scott # 8217 ; s other plants are like this one, I look frontward to reading them every bit good. Send Questions or remarks to TheJakal @ netzero.net

Women and feminism

Introduction Feminism refers to a movement and a set of ideologies aiming at redefining, identifying, and defending the political, economic and social rights of women in society. In particular, the major role of feminists is to advocate for equal chances for women in education and employment.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women and feminism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The theory emerged from the imaginations of various women who sought to comprehend the nature of gender inequality through the understanding of social roles and various positions of individuals in society. The theory has a different interpretation and definition of gender and sex. Even though there are varieties of feminists, the major aim of all feminism is to fight for the rights of women in society. These aims include the fight for the reproductive and bodily rights of women. In this regard, women should be given freedom to make d ecisions touching on their health. Through feminism, there is a new interpretation of gender and sex. Scholars upholding this view observe that women should be given some reproductive rights, such as using contraceptives and procuring an abortion at will. In the modern society, what entails reproductive health is well documented. The world agency in charge of health (WHO) notes that couples should be given the freedom to decide on the number of children they should have (Cole, Sabik, 2010). However, people should be responsible as they make their decisions owing to the sanctity of life. Human life is special meaning that it should not be terminated at will. Apart from deciding on the number of children, couples should always determine the spacing of their children. In this regard, women should not be discriminated.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Thesis Women in the United Sta tes have always encountered challenges that interfere with their individual fulfillment in society. Some have risen up to fight for their rights, but they hardly identify themselves as feminists due to the stigma associated with the term. This means that women are willing to challenge the exiting social structure, but they are aware of the resistance. Through constitutional development, women have managed to advocate for the ratification of laws that protect them from inhumane conditions, such as rape, violence and subjugation to the domain of the home. Women are currently engaged in socio-political and economic activities in the United States, it is not enough to bring about equality. Much has to be done to ensure that women enjoy their rights, just like men. Feminism employs the ideas of Marx to challenge the existing social structure since it supports one gender. Therefore, it is agreed among feminists that a social structure that oppresses a majority of its people should be reje cted. In this regard, feminists argue for a gender equality whereby the capability of an individual would be measured based on his or her strength, but not sexual qualities. Women and feminism The two concepts are closely related because one facilitates the other. Before the advent of feminism, the living conditions of women were very poor since they were perpetually pushed to the periphery, even on matters touching on their own health.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Women and feminism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Women existed to be seen, but not to be heard since they were the properties of men. Just as men owned other properties, such as land, women were also owned in the same way. Traditional practices could not allow women to participate in some activities, such as policy formulation and wealth accumulation. Feminism shed light on the debate since it advocated for the rights of women, particul arly reproductive health. Before feminism, a woman would simply be used as a sex object since she did not have any right. Currently, sex is considered a love affair whereby two people can only do it through consent. Feminism advocated for the provision of free abortion, provision of free family planning contraceptives and methods, abolition of female genital mutilation, and forced marriage. Through legal ratifications, a woman in the modern society has full control of her reproductive health. She can decide when to have a child and when to terminate a pregnancy. This freedom is attributed to the works of feminists, who have achieved a lot regarding reproductive rights of women. The making of major decisions touching on reproduction was always the role of men, even though they are minor shareholders as far as reproduction is concerned. Women have been subjected to violence and intimidation since they are perceived as weak and helpless. Others view women as people who should depend on men for major decisions since they do not have the moral authority to participate in societal development.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More World Health Organization demands that women should be given specific rights, including the right to procure an abortion, the right to use family planning methods in order to control births, the right to access quality reproductive healthcare, and the right to access free reproductive education, which would inform their decisions. Feminists insist that the government should offer free education on contraceptives in order to prevent unwanted pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections. Any women should be protected from practices that would interfere with reproduction, such as gender-based violence, forced sterilization, and female genital mutilation. A number of states have already established stricter laws related to gender-based violence. For instance, a man should be jailed for life in case he is found forcing a woman to have sex. This is considered a violation of the woman’s reproductive right since she is expected to engage in sex with consent. Traditional practices that interfered with female reproduction are on the decline. For instance, female inheritance in simple societies is no longer accepted. The government is opposed to the issue of forced marriage. In the 1960s, there was a new wave of feminism, which was referred to as the second wave of feminism. The demands of feminists were not any different from the previous demands since the works of Mary Wollstonecraft were used as the basis of demands. Women advocated for equality in terms of social relationships whereby they demanded the existence of free love and the wearing of skirts. In the United States, a number of meetings were held to spearhead talks on the ratification of laws touching on the rights of women. Apart from previous demands, women needed equal pay in the labor industry, provision of equal education, job opportunities, free childcare services, financial empowerment, prevention of gender-based discrimination, and illegalization of inhumane actions, such as rape and violence against women. Even though not all women have similar demands, there is a consensus among feminists that male chauvinism and discrimination are the two major problems affecting women in any society. Therefore, all women aim at achieving independence. In this regard, they seem to agree on the ways in which they can realize their goals. Liberal feminism is concerned with equal rights meaning that women should be subjected to similar conditions as men. It does not seek any favors from members of society. To achieve this equality, the constitution should be reviewed to reflect the interests of all societal members. In other words, the law should be drafted to protect women from inhuman conditions. Through the law, an individual’s sex would not be used to judge his or her performance in society. From a liberal perspective, the differences between men and women are not natural, but instead they are creations of the society. The differences are the result of socialization process w hereby women are brought up knowing that they are inferior to men. Marxist feminism has a different interpretation of the relationship between men and women. It views the relationship between women and men as characterized by subordination and exploitation, which is a typical feature of the capitalistic society. Ever since the advent of private property, women have always been viewed as the property of men. In the same way the rich owns the working class, men also own women. Women are against this type of relationship in the modern society. This means that are compared to the working class (proletariat) while men are the bourgeoisie since they own everything in society. The argument that femininity results to the unsuitability of women to engage in political activities has its origin in the feminist theory. Cole and Sabik authored an article that assesses if the attractive and unattractive aspects of femininity, which match the Feminine Interpersonal Relations (interpersonal charm) and Feminine Self-Doubt (submissiveness and passivity), have impacts on the successful involvement of women in politics (Cole, Sabik, 2010). Conventionally, Feminine Interpersonal Relations were linked with higher political involvement and effectiveness when compared to Feminine Self-Doubt. The upshots are conferred with consideration to the midlife advancement of women and the femininity socialization of Black women. Identification of the function of feminine attributes, such as nurturance and compassion in political endeavors (as found in Feminine Interpersonal Relations), may promote women approving feminist convictions to engage in politics. Duncan, on the other hand, surveyed the relative significance of feminism generation and the feminist label to a group of 667 women that were marching in demand for Reproductive Rights. Weak feminists were seen to identify themselves with the feminist label, approving several attitudes and viewpoints of strong feminists with less dedication to equalitarianism. In his analysis, the feminist label was significant in elucidating the relationship of women to feminism as opposed to the generation. This aspect designates that disclosure to a group ideology could connect persons across generations. Feminists had a feeling of inferiority when they judged themselves against their male counterparts and possessed similar attitudes, such as strong qualities (Duncan, 2010). Education concerning feminism could make the feminists have a dedication to equality. Duncan evaluates the manner in which feminism associates itself with the sexual harassment, which is a great challenge facing women. Two pointers of feminism were evaluated in the study, including self-recognition and involvement in feminist activism. Two kinds of sexual molestation were gauged, which included sexual advances and gender molestation. Feminist identification signified lesser gender molestation encounters. Nevertheless, feminist-identified women accounted highest reduction in job gratification (Holland, Cortina, 2013). It was established that, feminist activism is connected to greater experiences of both types of molestation. Moreover, irrespective of feminist activism or identification, women that had experienced sexual molestation were highly likely to fix the sexual molestation tag to their encounters than women who had faced gender molestation alone. Hooks initiated a well-liked theory of feminists, which is anchored in a good sense and the perception of mutual understanding. The vision presented by Hooks is that of a beloved society that pleases everybody and is dedicated to equality (Hooks, 2000). The author underscores the fact that the most controversial and challenging concerns facing feminists in the contemporary world include encompassing violent behavior, ethnicity, work, and reproductive rights. With the use of customary awareness and candor, the author calls for feminists that are free from disruptive hindrances, but endowed with thorough discourse to join hands in fighting for their rights. Hooks reveals that feminism, instead of being perceived as an obsolete impression or one restricted to scholarly leaders, should be perceived as reality for everyone. In his contribution on the debate touching on feminism, McCabe evaluated the relationship among various variables, including feminist self-identity, political inclinations, socio-demographics and a scope of gender-associated approaches. The research was supported by information from the General Society Survey of 1996. The study found out that just 20 percent of American women identify themselves as feminists while 80 per cent of women believe that both men and women ought to be socially, politically and economically equal (McCabe, 2005). Equalitarianism is the most extensively accredited factor among women. Findings disclose that feminists can be very educated city women who are free to be liberals or Democrats. The feminist self-identity considerably associates itself with opinions concerning the effect of the movement of women on equality. The scholar recommends the significance of examining collections of attitudes concerning perfect gender conformities, evaluations, and distinguishing other forms of approach. It is unfortunate that most women in society approve feminist values, but do not identify themselves as feminists. Moradi, Martin and Brewste analyzed the initiative of women founded on the presumption of personality as a probable feature in feminist non-identification. The first study conducted by the above scholars introduced the theoretically positioned Feminist Threat Index and assesses its psychometric qualities with statistics from 91 students. The second study examined a theoretically founded intervention set to decrease the scale of feminist threat and enhance the extent of feminist identification, by permitting students to interrelate with a diverse group of feminists (Moradi, Martin, Brewster, 2012). The inter vention decreased the scale of threat and raised the extent of feminist identification considerably in the group, but there was no change in the comparison set. Several groups of individuals have reacted to feminism and both men and women either support or oppose it, with support for feminist perceptions being more common as compared to self-identification as a feminist. The involvement of male and generally everyone is encouraged by feminists. This is a plan aim at attaining the dedication of the entire society to gender equality. The findings of the above scholars present researchers and other stakeholders with adequate information that would be used in evaluating and decreasing the threat to feminist identification. Previous studies have shown that the majority of women in the US support feminist objectives, but they do not consider themselves feminists. Consideration concerning the opinions of people as regards to feminism could foretell rejection of the feminist identity. Diffe rent from this hypothesis, every woman who participated in such studies, irrespective of feminist recognition, had a conviction that other people had a negative perception towards feminists. Feminists were believed to be homosexuals as compared to being heterosexual. Ramsey, Haines, Hurt, Nelson, Turner, Liss, and Erchull, (2007) talked about connection between the perceptions of feminists and the conviction they possess as to the way other people see them. The scholars discussed the disagreement between the search for gender equality and the yearning for sexual gratification, which is a great challenge to feminists. In the second-wave, feminists were on opposite sides of a sequence of controversial discussions concerning issues, such as pornography, prostitution and heterosexuality, with some women supporting gender oppression and others backing sexual satisfaction and empowerment. The third-wave seeks to join up the principles of gender equality and sexual liberty and respects the decisions of women on the aforementioned principles (2010). Whereas this perspective is at times seen as insignificantly approving all that a woman decides to do as a feminist, Snyder-Hall affirms that the third-wave does not present an unreflective approval of selection, but a great reverence for pluralism and self-fortitude. Being a feminist is perceived as a tag, which is related to activism, convictions and other groupings. With the application of online surveys, where 220 American women took part, an article by Yoder, Tobias and Snell (2011) evaluates the distinctive and combined effect of feminist self-identification on the welfare of women, equality, and activism. Self-identity was clearly discussed as a dual affirmation of being a feminist or not, which by itself was associated with high feminist activism, as well as the effect of feminist convictions. Moreover, self-identity, contrary to feminist convictions, was not associated with personal welfare or interpersonal equali tarianism. There is thus the need for self-identity for improved feminist action. In their analysis, Zucker and Bay†Cheng (2010), focused on chauvinism, which is prevalent in the modern United States. It bears unconstructive impacts on women. Feminist approaches could safeguard women against the impacts of sexism, though there is an ideological difference between women, which interferes with feminist mindset, but snubs the identity and the self-recognized feminists. Women bear the mindset and not the identity, which seems to be self-interested and may only engage in less joint efforts in support of the rights of women. The negative depiction of feminism and feminists has made many women to believe in equality, but do not consider themselves feminists. Nevertheless, this study reveals that as individuals are exposed to self-identified feminists and discourse regarding different types of feminism, their extent of self-identification as feminists rises. In this regard, comprehens ion of whether the refusal of the feminist label is founded on fear of stigma related to the identity, neoliberal convictions, or other elucidations is significant to the people organizing for equality. The Choice of the Topic â€Å"Women and their acceptance of feminism† is chosen as the topic of the paper since a number of scholars talk about it. The paper discusses women and their acceptance of the attributes that make them female. The paper highlights that despite the fact that quite a number of women fight for gender equality, they only support feminist objectives. Surprisingly, these women fail to consider themselves as feminists. They, however, portray male characteristics of superiority in different aspects of life. Women should not only back feminist activities, but also accept their positions as women. References Cole, R., Sabik, J. (2010). Associations between femininity and women’s political behavior during midlife. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(4), 50 8-520. Duncan, E. (2010). Women’s relationship to feminism: effects of generation and feminist self†labeling. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 34(4), 498-507. Holland, J., Cortina, M. (2013). When sexism and feminism collide the sexual harassment of feminist working women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(2), 192-208. Hooks, B. (2000). Feminism is for everybody: Passionate politics. Brooklyn, NY: South End Press. McCabe, J. (2005). What’s in a label? The relationship between feminist self-identification and â€Å"feminist† attitudes among US women and men. Gender Society, 19(4), 480-505. Moradi, B., Martin, A., Brewster, M. (2012). Disarming the threat to feminist identification: an application of personal construct theory to measurement and intervention. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36(2), 197-209. Ramsey, R., Haines, E., Hurt, M., Nelson, A., Turner, L., Liss, M., Erchull, J. (2007). Thinking of others: Feminist identification and the perception of others’ beliefs. Sex Roles, 56(10), 611-616. Snyder-Hall, C. (2010). Third-wave feminism and the defense of â€Å"choice†. Perspectives on Politics, 8(1), 255-261. Yoder, D., Tobias, A., Snell, F. (2011). When declaring â€Å"I am a feminist† matters: Labeling is linked to activism. Sex Roles, 64(2), 9-18. Zucker, N., Bay†Cheng, Y. (2010). Minding the Gap Between Feminist Identity and Attitudes: The Behavioral and Ideological Divide Between Feminists and Non†Labelers. Journal of personality, 78(6), 1895-1924 This research paper on Women and feminism was written and submitted by user Fernando Zamora to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

ATTACKS ON THE INSANITY DEFENSE Essays - Criminal Defenses

ATTACKS ON THE INSANITY DEFENSE Essays - Criminal Defenses ATTACKS ON THE INSANITY DEFENSE The insanity defense refers to that branch of the concept of insanity which defines the extent to which men accused of crimes may be relieved of criminal responsibility by virtue of mental disease. The terms of such a defense are to be found in the instructions presented by the trial judge to the jury at the close of a case. These instructions can be drawn from any of several rules used in the determination of mental illness. The final determination of mental illness rests solely on the jury who uses information drawn from the testimony of "expert" witnesses, usually professionals in the field of psychology. The net result of such a determination places an individual accordingly, be it placement in a mental facility, incarceration, or outright release. Due to these aforementioned factors, there are several problems raised by the existence of the insanity defense. Problems such as the actual possibility of determining mental illness, justifiable placement of judged "mentally ill" offe nders, and the overall usefulness of such a defense. In all, I believe that these problems, as well as others which will be mentioned later, lead us to the conclusion that the insanity defense is useless and should be abolished entirely. Insanity is a legal, not a medical definition. Therefore, mental illness and insanity are not synonymous: only some mental illness constitutes insanity. Insanity, however, includes not only mental illness but also mental deficiencies. Due to this, there are problems in exactly how to apply a medical theory to a legal matter (Herman, 1983;128). The legal concepts of mental illness and insanity raise questions in a conflict between what are termed legalistic criminology and scientific criminology: mens rea, punishment v. treatment, responsibility, and prisons v. hospitals. This debate seesaws to and fro amidst a grey area between law and science. The major difficulty with a theory such as mental illness is that it is just that, a theory. To scientists theories are a way of life, but applied to the concept of law theories become somewhat dangerous. By applying a loose theory such as mental illness to law we are in essence throwing the proverbial "monkey wrench" into the wheels of justic e. TESTING FOR INSANITY At the center of the legal use of insanity lies the mens rea. Every crime involves a physical act, or actus reus, and a mental act, or mens rea, the non-physical cause of behavior. The mens rea is the mental element required for a crime, and if absent excuses the defendant from criminal responsibility and punishment (Jeffery, 1985;49). The difficulty here lies in analyzing the mens rea. In order to do this lawyers apply one of several rules used by psychologists. These rules range from the Irresistible Impulse Test to the M'Naghten Rule. Each of these rules approach mental illness/capacity in a different way and in my opinion each falls short of actual proof. I will discuss each in detail. The M'Naghten Rule The M'Naghten Rule, also known as the right-wrong test, arose in 1843 during the trial of Daniel M'Naghten who argued that he was not criminally responsible for his actions because he suffered from delusions at the time of the killing. The M'Naghten Rule reads: A defendant may be excused from criminal responsibility if at the time of the commission of the act the party accused was laboring under such a defect of reason, from a disease of the mind, as not to know the nature and the quality of the act he was doing, or if he did know it, that he did not know that he was doing what was wrong. Thus, according to the rule, a person is basically insane if he or she is unable to distinguish between right and wrong as a result of some mental disability. Criticism of the M'Naghten Rule has come from both legal and medical professions. Many criticize that the test is unsound in its view of human psychology. Psychiatry, it is argued, views the human personality as an integrated entity, not divisible into separate compartments of reason, emotion, or volition (Herman, 1983;138). Additionally, the test is criticized for defining responsibility solely in terms of cognition. While cognitive symptoms may reveal disorder, they alone are not

Physical Property Definition and Examples

Physical Property Definition and Examples A physical property is a characteristic of matter that may be observed and measured without changing the chemical identity of a sample. The measurement of a physical property may change the arrangement of matter in a sample, but not the structure of its molecules. In other words, a physical property may involve a physical change, but not a chemical change. If a chemical change or reaction occurs, the observed characteristics are chemical properties. Intensive and Extensive Physical Properties The two classes of physical properties are intensive and extensive properties. An intensive property does not depend on the amount of matter in a sample. It is a characteristic of the material regardless of how much matter is present. Examples of intensive properties include melting point and density. Extensive properties, on the other hand, do depend on sample size. Examples of extensive properties include shape, volume, and mass. Physical Property Examples Examples of physical properties include mass, density, color, boiling point, temperature, and volume.

OSHA Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

OSHA - Assignment Example An article by Bender Thomas, which talks about on workers deaths in confined spaces, was identified, an investigation that was carried as part of Fatality Assessment and Control Evaluation program. According to the author of an investigation where a worker died after entering a toluene storage tank and then on a rescue attempt a fireman also ended up being killed when the tank exploded (Bender 37). According to the author owner of a petroleum bulk storage tank, found out that his toluene storage tank was contaminated, and therefore he wanted to clean it and therefore it will have to be drained and cleaned. However, he found out that the tank’s only access was located at the top and since the tank was cylindrical it was not easy to clean it. Therefore, the owner decided to install the portal at the bottom. In connection to this, he consulted a contractor who gave him the cost estimates of installing the access portal at the bottom of the tank. The contractor after carrying out his assessment told the owner of the tank that it has to be drained, and all the sludge removed before he puts the access portal. The owner of the tank, therefore, directed his supervisor to get the tank ready for the contractor. On that fateful day, the supervisor and unskilled worker decided to get the job done. Therefore, the supervisor decided to rent self –contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). However, because the opening was small and since a ladder could not be used the supervisor decided to use a rope. In addition, because the opening was so small it was decided that the worker get in with the SCBA loosely tied on his head. After a while, the supervisor saw the worker standing at the bottom of the tank, and then he directed him to get out, however, and there was no response. He then informed the facility manager who was just standing nearby. After that, a fire rescue team was called. The firemen

Enterprise Resource Planning Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Enterprise Resource Planning - Case Study Example The suite of integrated applications in this tool assists the business in collecting, storing, managing and interpreting data from a range of business activities including sales and activities, payment and shipping, inventory management, cost and product panning as we as manufacturing and service delivery. ERP in organisations offers an effective and integrated view of most of the core business functions and processes that in most instances happen to be in real-time. It uses common databases that are maintained by an effective database management system. The ERP system is effective in tracking business resources, which comprise of raw materials, production capacity as well as cash among others. It also explores the actual status of the business commitments and how they can be used for the growth and success of the business. This paper examines how the ERP system can be used to enhance effective work practice and performance for Oxfam, an international confederation that comprises of organisation that work to eliminate poverty and social injustices in the world. The world as a social environment comprises of people working and living together for achievement of various goals and objectives. While some people achieve their goals in life, others are often hindered by among other things, poverty and social injustices. This is where Oxfam now comes in, to ensure that poverty and other kinds of social injustices are alleviated and eliminated completely. Oxfam is actually an international confederation comprising of approximately 17 organisations that work in about 94 countries across the world in order to find and affix solutions to poverty and various kinds of social injustices across the world. In all its work and activities, Oxfam’s ultimate goal remains has always and continues to be enabling people in exercising their rights and managing their lives effectively. In

Family structure in the United States Essay Example for Free

Family structure in the United States Essay During WII nuclear families were the most common family type. Men were the main breadwinners and the women stayed at home, taking care of the children. This has now shifted to shared and even reversed roles, as dual-earner families are also on the rise. Since WWII, there has been a rise in types of families such as extended, single parent and step. â€Å"Of all the households in 2005, 57% were couple families compared with 70% in 1971. The biggest fall has been in couple families with three or more dependent children† (Fisher Et Al 2012) There are many reasons why family structures have changed since WWll. The biggest factor has been divorced, with a dramatic increase from only 339 divorces in 1971 to 2,360 in 2015 (nisra.gov.uk 14/09/17). There are now approximately 1.7 million lone-parent families in Britain making up about 25% of families. This was due to the Divorce Reform Act of 1969 taking force in 1971. The social stigma of divorce was no longer as big an issue and financial independence is now increasing for women, making it easier on women to leave their husbands (www.theguardian.com). This devalued marriage, with many choosing not to legally marry. 36% of adults in Northern Ireland remain single (NI Census, 2011). Cohabitation is on the increase, with almost 6 in 10 babies being born to either unmarried parents or a single mother. The numbers are greatest in Belfast and Derry (The Belfast Telegraph, 23/9/15). Cohabitation during and after WW2 would have been seen as unforgivable with hardly any couple doing so. Lots of factors have changed to make couples living together out of wedlock more relaxed. There has been a decrease in social stigma and a decreasing church influence, with only 1 in 10 people now regularly attending church (www.bbcnews.co.uk). However, Northern Ireland has the highest level of churchgoers in the UKwww.faithsurvey.co.uk. Only 36% of marriages take place in church comparing to 1960 when all marriages took place in a church (www.stp.pembrokeshire.sch.uk). The introduction and accessibility of contraception have had an influence on family structures. This has had a major effect on couples starting their families, especially if they are concentrating on building their career. According to BBC News (4/12/11) in Britain in the 1960’s, the pill was available only to married women who felt their families were complete. By 1974 all women, including those who were single could have the pill prescribed. When contraception was more widely used it affected the UK by couples having smaller families. They were able to plan if and when to start and family and how many children to have. The NI Census shows a reduction in the average household size from 2.65 in 2001 to 2.54 in 2011. Many couples are now childless. The Sunday Times magazine (Christina Patterson, 20/10/13) backs up this information stating that â€Å"It is estimated that, by 2018, 25% of British women of childbearing age will never have a baby†, and this increases to a th ird of women with degrees. The dependence of women working in WW2 and the suffragette movement meant that the roles of women changed significantly and by the 1960’s, 38% of women were employed (www.bbc.co.uk). The equal pay act was passed in 1970 giving women their rights, however, according to ONS statistics on average, women are paid over 19% less than men. Followed by the Sex Discrimination Act, then shortly after women finally won the right to 14 weeks’ maternity leave in 1993 and more in recent years. These acts allow women to work in within a working environment fairly and being paid the same as men which means that single parents have a better opportunity of coping on their own rather than being having the stress of finding a partner (www.bbc.co.uk). Statistics back this up by stating that there are now approximately 1.7million lone parent families in Britain this makes up about 25% of all families (Fisher et al 2012) There has also been an increase in families based on same-sex civil partners as a result of legislation in 2004. The first same-sex civil partnership took place in Belfast in December 2005. The number of same-sex marriages in Northern Ireland from 2005 to 2015 have gone up and down throughout the years due to media portrayals. In 2005 there were 12 same-sex marriages increasing to the highest number is ever been in 2010 at 116. The numbers have decreased since then to 89 in 2015.

New Jersey Vs. T.L.O. :: Legal Essays

Decision : Reasonable standard held to be proper standard for determining   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   legality of searches conducted by public school officials. On March 7, 1980, a teacher at Piscataway High School in Middlesex County, N.J., found two girls smoking in the school lavatory, which was a violation of school code. The teacher took them to the Principles office where they met the Assistant Vice-Principle Theodore Choplick. Under questioning the first girl admitted smoking in the lavatory. The second girl, 14 year old freshman T.L.O., denied that she had smoked in the lavatory. Mr. Choplick then asked to search the girl’s purse. He found a pack of cigarettes. Upon pulling the pack of cigarettes out Mr. Choplick discovered cigarette rolling papers, which is closely associated with marijuana. He proceeded to search the purse to find a small amount of marijuana, a pipe, small empty plastic bags, a substantial amount of money all in one dollar bills, and two letters that implies that she is a dealer. Mr. Choplick notified her mother and the police and told her mother to take her to the police headquarters. A New Jersey juvenile court admitted the evidence, saying that the search of the purse was reasonable under the standard of enforcing school policy and maintaining school discipline. The court found the student, T.L.O., to be a delinquent and sentenced her to a years probation. The appellate Division affirmed the courts decision that there had been no Fourth Amendment violation, T.L.O. New Jersey Vs. T.L.O. :: Legal Essays Decision : Reasonable standard held to be proper standard for determining   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   legality of searches conducted by public school officials. On March 7, 1980, a teacher at Piscataway High School in Middlesex County, N.J., found two girls smoking in the school lavatory, which was a violation of school code. The teacher took them to the Principles office where they met the Assistant Vice-Principle Theodore Choplick. Under questioning the first girl admitted smoking in the lavatory. The second girl, 14 year old freshman T.L.O., denied that she had smoked in the lavatory. Mr. Choplick then asked to search the girl’s purse. He found a pack of cigarettes. Upon pulling the pack of cigarettes out Mr. Choplick discovered cigarette rolling papers, which is closely associated with marijuana. He proceeded to search the purse to find a small amount of marijuana, a pipe, small empty plastic bags, a substantial amount of money all in one dollar bills, and two letters that implies that she is a dealer. Mr. Choplick notified her mother and the police and told her mother to take her to the police headquarters. A New Jersey juvenile court admitted the evidence, saying that the search of the purse was reasonable under the standard of enforcing school policy and maintaining school discipline. The court found the student, T.L.O., to be a delinquent and sentenced her to a years probation. The appellate Division affirmed the courts decision that there had been no Fourth Amendment violation, T.L.O.

Interracial Marriage in Shakespeare’s Othello Essay

Racial prejudice against the outsiders existed during the Elizabethan Age and Shakespeare attempted to create a parallel world in his tragedy Othello, The Moor of Venice where he captures a wide array of reactions towards a Black Muslim by the white majority Christians in Venice. The racial discrimination has been latent in their minds for a long period and the interracial marriage of Othello and Desdemona acts as a catalyst resulting in a volcanic eruption like calamity in the society through a prototype villain Iago. The institution of marriage is often looked at as a means of enhancing the bond within a community and when an outsider attempts to become a part of a closed community then he is perceived as an intruder. This essay explores the tumultuous reaction of the society through Iago towards the interracial marriage of Othello and Desdemona. Human beings, once accustomed to a particular pattern, will find it extremely difficult to alter the same. Othello, the Black Moor with physical and cultural difference in the state of Venice has risen to the position of the army general through his meticulous and painstaking hard work. Iago, the vicious villain has developed an aversion towards Othello because of his Moorish background and it is intensified when Cassio is promoted to the position of lieutenant, overlooking Iago. Iago also suspects an illicit relation between his wife Emilia and Othello. So he vows to bring the downfall of Othello and takes the interracial marriage as the ripe opportunity to avenge Othello. He instigates Brabantio, father of Desdemona to bring Othello under trial for luring his daughter. Brabantio openly condemns Othello’s marriage with his daughter and accuses that the marriage is â€Å"maimed and most imperfect† (1. 3, 99) and â€Å"Against all rules of nature† (1. 3, 101). Further he strongly suspects that Othello has used magic potions on Desdemona and exploited her innocence by pushing her to run from her home to â€Å"to the sooty bosom / Of such a thing as thou – to fear, not to delight† (1. 2, 70-71). Brabantio thus overtly expresses his racist views before the Duke because he is basically a Venetian who is obsessed with racial prejudice and it is so blatantly displayed because he learns that his daughter has fallen for the Moor from Roderigo, the half-wit consumed by lust for Desdemona and Iago, where the later has hidden his identity and has expressed their love affair in the most obscene language as possible. Iago states, â€Å"†¦you’ll / Have your daughter covered with a Barbary horse† (1. 1, 111-112) and â€Å"I am one, sir, that comes to tell you your daughter / And the Moor are now making the beast with two backs. 1. 1, 116-117). As Elizabeth Beaudin notes, â€Å"The language Iago and Roderigo use to incite the senator’s anger is clearly prejudiced; they refer to Othello as ‘an old black ram,’ a ‘Barbary horse,’ and a ‘lascivious Moor’ (13). The racist remarks of Iago and Roderigo against Othello reflect the prejudice that existed in the society when a Black Moor holds a better position in the society be it in military, society or the heart of a woman. Both Iago and Roderigo refer to Othello as an animal, thick-lipped, uneducated, and crude, and never call him by his name in private. Othello is enquired about the charges levied by Brabantio and the Moor responds that their love is mutual which has been nurtured through conversation. He states that â€Å"She loved me for the dangers I had pass’d, / And I loved her that she did pity them† (1. 3, 167-168). The Duke is one of the few characters in the play who trusts that the love affair is beyond the narrow lanes of racism and approves their marriage. When both the lovers are found to be in a state of complete bliss Iago remarks, â€Å"O, you are well tuned now! / But I’ll set down the pegs that make this music, / As honest as I am. (2. 1, 199-201). Iago swears to loosen the pegs in order to bring about a disharmony in their relationship. Mussari rightly states, â€Å"From the opening scene the interracial marriage between Othello and Desdemona colors all aspects of the play. Race also provides further motivation for the resentful Iago to destroy the general’s happiness. † (40-41). Iago strongly believes that Desdemona’s love for the Moor is nothing but an unnatural sexual desire and schemes in the most scrupulous manner to infuse jealousy in place of love in the mind of Othello. Earlier Othello believed that Desdemona loved him for his adventures and he not being a chamberer. But under the poisonous influence of Iago Othello believes that it is the very same quality that has made her leave him. â€Å"†¦ for I am black / And have not those soft parts of conversation / That chamberers have, or for I am declined† (3. 3, 263-265) Iago is extremely sly and a master puppeteer who brings almost everyone under his dominion. He convinces Roderigo that h can win Desdemona’s love only by procuring gifts for her and gains monetary benefits from him. Cassio also blindly believes him and thinks that Iago is striving hard to regain Cassio’s lost position. The seeds of jealousy are sown in the minds of Othello and it has deep-rooted in him. He has made a thorough analysis of Othello’s nature and produces the ocular proof for his wife’s infidelity. Iago is unable to stomach the fact that Othello is not only the supreme commander of the arms but has won the heart of a white Venetian woman. He is absolutely hostile to this interracial marriage and longs to dissolve the marriage at any cost. Roderigo, Cassio and his wife Emilia are made as pawns who unknowingly play a crucial role in disrupting the harmonious relationship between Othello and Desdemona. Iago goes to the extent of inventing an accusation that his wife is committing adultery with Othello. â€Å"†¦ Twixt my sheets / he’s done my office† (1. 3, 380-381). Othello and Desdemona unlike many other lovers establish a mature relationship in the beginning and are convinced that they share a mutual bond of love and affection. But it is not just the jealousy of Othello that plays a spoilsport. The racial incompatibility is internalized in every human being because humans are essentially social beings and hence are used to living in a homogeneous environment. The sudden intrusion may shock a majority section of the society like Brabantio, Iago and Roderigo. But a few may develop an initial fascination towards this heterogeneity like Desdemona. Desdemona herself is convinced that there is something unnatural about her love for Othello. She fails to understand Othello completely because of the cultural and racial differences that existed between them. She had once remarked that she fears looking at such blackness as in Othello which is reaffirmed by Othello when Iago states, â€Å"seem’d to shake and fear your looks† (3. 3, 207). Both Desdemona and Othello are initially drawn to each other because of their physical appearance but later this difference of Black and White creates a gap between them. Othello is appalled â€Å"not only because Desdemona corrupts herself ut because her ‘blackness’ confirms his† (Berry, 328). The interracial marriage, no doubt, intensifies the race-related social tensions and the society is completely turned into a chaotic environment. The reaction of the racially prejudiced society has been extremely intense because, the interracial relationship has matured to the level of married. If Iago had carried out such frenzied beastly act before Othello and Desdemona had married, it would have lead to the separation of the lovers. But the interracial marriage has mounted such an apprehension both in the society and the couple. Hence every other Venetian was easily exploited by Iago and Othello himself easily succumbed to the pressures of Iago. Being married, Othello is convinced that he could restore his honor only by killing his wife who is believed to have cuckolded him. To conclude, Shakespeare has illustrated that the dearth of a society is certain when a racial incompatibility exists in the society. The interracial marriage of Othello and Desdemona may have survived a little longer if Iago has not intervened because Iago has just acted as a catalyst and speedup the dissolution of the marriage. The love affair between Othello and Desdemona was purely emotional but the moment they enter into the institution of marriage, it definitely has to withstand the whirlwinds of the society. An interracial marriage is perceived as a threat to the integrity of the society and hence it is rarely welcomed. Within such a hostile environment, it is truly a challenge for the couple to uphold their marital relationship in which both Othello and Desdemona fail miserably as they easily yield to the pressures of the society in the guise of Iago.

Experiment Essay

The primary focus of experiment 4 was to teach a student the basic solubility rules of salts in aqueous solutions. After developing and using a scheme for the qualitative analysis of three cations in an aqueous mixture, a student would use a centrifuge to identify, precipitate, and separate the three ions in the mixture. After becoming familiar with all three cations, the student would use the scheme again to identify at least two of the cations in an unknown solution. In order to begin the separation process, HCl is added to the mixture of cations to form the precipitates and separate the chlorides of Ag+, Pb2+, and HG22+. It is important not to add too much HCl because an excess would form the soluble complexes of AgCl and PbCl2. After the HCl is added, it is centrifuged to form a solid precipitate that contains all three cations and separate them from the supernatant liquid. Finally, another drop of HCl is added to test for completeness of precipitation and centrifuged again if the solution remains incomplete. To separate the lead (II) ion from the sample of solution, it must be separated from the insoluble Hg2Cl2 and AgCL salts by dissolving it in hot water. Once it has been dissolved from the other two cations, it is centrifuged and the liquid is decanted into another test tube. Once in the other test tube, a drop of 6.0 M acetic acid and two drops of 1.0 M K2CrO4 is added to the saved liquid. If the lead (II) cation is present, a yellow precipitate forms and ensures the presence of that cation. When testing my unknown solution, the lead (II) ion was not present in my solution. To further separate the cations, 1.0 mL of 6 M NH3 is added to the saved precipitate. After adding the ammonia, the mixture is centrifuged and the liquid is once again decanted into another test tube. If a gray or black precipitate forms, this proves the presence of Hg22+. The mercury (I) ion was present in my unknown. Finally, separating the silver ions from the sample solution mixture is accomplished in the prior step when the mercury ion is centrifuged. In order to test for the presence of silver ions, 1 mL of 6M HNO3 is added to the solution from the prior step. The silver precipitates in this acidic solution. If a white precipitate appears, silver is present in the solution. The presence of a white precipitate in the solution proves that there were silver ions in my unknown. By following the scheme for the qualitative analysis, it was simple to separate and test for the presence of the target cations. It was critical to correctly label every one of the liquids to ensure the correct reactions. No other difficulties prevented success in the experiment, but performing the experiment several times would further reinforce the outcome of the experiment.

The Chicago Defender was a newspaper that defended Essays

The Chicago Defender was a newspaper that defended Essays The Chicago Defender was a newspaper that defended race against violence and issues that America didn't discuss that would resolve for the African Americans. The Newspaper was founded by, Robert S. Abott on May 5, 1905(as cited in Chicago Defender). Abott started celling his newspapers for a very low price, working in a small kitchen. Since the paper was a northern newspaper he had more freedom to attack racial issues. With Abotts dramatic headlines and graphic images, he got his readers attention, and conveying the horror of lynching and raping (as cited in Chicago Defender). The newspaper was read broadly in the South. The newspapers had to be smuggled threw the south since people were trying to confiscate it and also threatened its readers (as cited in Chicago Defender). The Chicago Defender was passed from person to person in the South, with each paper sold and was read by four to five African Americans. This put its readership at over 500,000 each week. The Chicago Defender was the first African American newspaper to have a health column and have a full page of comic strips. Chicago Defenderon the black experience2 The Defender wages its most aggressive campaign during "The Great Depression" movement. During the Great Depression African Americans began to build a new place for themselves to confront economic and social changes. African Americans who left the south and made they're way to the north was a huge impact to the urban life. The South was where they were driven from out of their homes and surrounded by segregation, and the North provided African Americans more opportunities in life, such as industrial work. In many Northern cities African Americans population started to expand (as cited in Staff, H. (2010). Great Migration ). The Defender spoke on hazards on the remaining African Americans of the segregation in the South. The newspaper started using editorials, articles, and cartoons headlines to attract people to the movement. From the Defender's support of the movement, it caused black readers to migrate to the North where there were more opportunities for African Americans. T here were 1 million African Americans who had left the South by the end of 1919 (as cited in Chicago Defender). There were African Americans who traveled from boat, trains, and automobiles. Many blacks found a good outcome from moving out of the south to north, by finding jobs, in factories and slaughterhouses. Even though there were opportunities for work there was competition for housing in crowded cities (as cited in Staff, H. (2010). Great Migration ). The North lacked segregation, but there was still racism and prejudice. As years progressed, The Chicago Defender provided first hand coverage of evens such as the Red Summer Riots. There was a city of race riots in cities across the country. This riot impacted a lot Chicago Defenderon the black experience3 of deaths in the United States. In most deaths there were whites killing Africans Americans, and in some cases blacks fought back. This riot campaigned to anti-lynching legislation (as cited in Chicago Defender). Abott let his nephew John H. Sengstacke take control of The Chicgao Defender and Abott became the first president of the National Negro Publishers Association (as cited in Chicago Defender). The Chicago defender was the largest African American owned newspaper in the world. Chicago Defenderon the black experience4 References: History.com Staff, H. (2010). Great Migration. Retrieved February 02, 2017, from history.com/topics/black-history/great-migration New spapers The Chicago Defender ( n.d.). Retrieved February 02, 2017, from pbs.org/blackpress/news_bios/defender.html

Canadian Parliament Buildings Fire of 1916

Canadian Parliament Buildings Fire of 1916 While World War I was raging in Europe, the Canadian Parliament Buildings in Ottawa caught fire on a freezing February night in 1916. With the exception of the Library of Parliament, the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings was destroyed and seven people died. Rumors were rife that the Parliament Buildings fire was caused by enemy sabotage, but a Royal Commission into the fire concluded that the cause was accidental. Date of the Parliament Buildings Fire February 3, 1916 Location of the Parliament Buildings Fire Ottawa, Ontario Background of the Canadian Parliament Buildings The Canadian Parliament Buildings consist of the Centre Block, the Library of Parliament, the West Block and the East Block. The Centre Block and Library of Parliament sit at the highest point on Parliament Hill with a steep escarpment down to the Ottawa River at the back. The West Block and East Block sit down the hill on each side at the front of the Centre Block with a large grassy expanse in the middle. The original Parliament Buildings were built between 1859 and 1866, just in time to be used as the seat of government for the new Dominion of Canada in 1867. Cause of the Parliament Buildings Fire The exact cause of the Parliament Buildings fire was never pinpointed, but the Royal Commission investigating the fire ruled out enemy sabotage. Fire safety was inadequate in the Parliament Buildings and the most likely cause was careless smoking in the House of Commons Reading Room. Casualties in the Parliament Buildings Fire Seven people died in the Parliament Buildings fire: Two guests of House Speaker Albert Sà ©vigny and his wife returned to get their fur coats and were found dead in a corridor.A policeman and two government employees were crushed by a fallen wall.Bowman Brown Law, the Liberal member of parliament for Yarmouth, Nova Scotia died near the House of Commons Reading Room.The body of Renà © Laplante, Assistant Clerk of the House of Commons, was found in the building two days after the fire. Summary of the Parliament Buildings Fire Shortly before 9 p.m. on February 3, 1916, a member of parliament noticed smoke in the House of Commons Reading Room in the Centre Block of the Parliament Buildings.The fire quickly raced out of control.The House of Commons was interrupted in the middle of a debate on fish marketing.Prime Minister Robert Borden was in his office when he was alerted to the fire. He escaped down a messengers stairway through thick smoke and flames. His office was badly damaged, but some papers on his desk were not touched.Major-General Sam Hughes, who was down the street at the Chà ¢teau Laurier hotel when he heard about the fire, called in the local 77th Battalion to provide crowd control and help with the evacuation.At 9:30 p.n. the roof of the House of Commons collapsed.Senators and soldiers rescued some historic paintings from the Senate before the fire spread to it.By 11:00 p.m. the Victoria Clock Tower had caught on fire, and by midnight the clock was silent. At 1:21 a.m. the tower fell.By 3:00 a.m. the fire was mostly under control, although there was another outbreak the next morning. The Centre Block was a smoking shell filled with icy rubble, with the exception of the Library of Parliament.The Library of Parliament had been built with iron safety doors, which were slammed shut against the fire and smoke. A narrow corridor separating the Library from the Centre Block also contributed to the Librarys survival.After the fire, the Victoria Memorial Museum (now the Canadian Museum of Nature)  cleared its exhibition galleries to make room for parliamentarians to meet and work. On the morning after the fire, the museums auditorium was converted into a temporary House of Commons Chamber, and that afternoon, members of parliament conducted business there.Rebuilding the Parliament Buildings began quickly even though there was a war on. The first parliament sat in the new building on February 26th, 1920, although the Centre Block wasnt completed until 1922. The Peace Tower was finished by 1927. See Also: The Halifax Explosion in 1917

Annotated Bibliography-Terence-W8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Annotated Bibliography-Terence-W8 - Essay Example The elderly perceptions should change as it was the key to the resistance. Peek, S. T., Wouters, E. J., van Hoof, J., Luijkx, K. G., Boeije, H. R., & Vrijhoef, H. J. (2014). Factors influencing acceptance of the technology for aging in place: a systematic review. International journal of medical informatics, 83(4), 235-248. The article is the publication by the pub med. The study tries to examine factors that affect technology acceptance among the older persons in the society. In this regard, it establishes that factors of post implementation of the technology were detrimental to technology adoption. Information concerning the study was available, and the authors propose for further studies to investigate if the factors are interrelated. The literature was not provided, but methods of research were limited to mixed surveys of other studies done by different individuals. The methods of analysis were unique since no study had used them. It is necessary for the factors of implementation of technology to be favorable to the older persons since they acted as inhibitors to technology acceptance. Pub Med published the article. The study observes that social networking sites can improve the quality of life of the senior members as they enhance their communication ability. They can communicate easily with their family members and the young generation that increases their intergenerational communication. Not much information was available regarding the study, and the authors were silent on future research. The literature review was less in depth but offered a good insight for the reader to integrate the study. The methods of analysis were by systematic reviews of the various articles that were common to other studies. It is significant for the seniors to embrace the social networking as it helps bring them closer to the young generation. This is an extensive

A critique of the national literacy framework and the hour Essay

A critique of the national literacy framework and the hour - Essay Example The literacy hour is a means of implementing the objectives designed by the Framework. In this one hour teachers devote themselves entirely to making literates of their students.The National Literacy Framework and the training it provides are based on the National Literacy Project. Its aim is laudable and it has shown a degree of success in improving literacy standards. However it has been condemned on a number of counts and many teachers are up in arms against it. Therefore it is imperative for a teacher to subject the Framework and the literacy hour to intense scrutiny and analyze its positive and negative features with respect to the subject of teaching of reading. This examination with its salient features and results are outlined below.In the words of Jeanne S.Chall and Steven Stahl, reading is an "activity characterized by the translation of symbols, or letters, into words and sentences that have meaning to the individual". From their earliest years, children acquire the skills needed for learning to read. According to Chall and Stahl children as they become acclimatized to the sounds in their environment, "learn that spoken words are composed of separate sounds and that letters can represent these sounds." Itzhoff (1996:20) also stresses the importance of language proficiency in reading proficiency. Therefore parents can help children on their journey to fluent reading by diligently reading bedtime stories, having conversations and indulging in language play. Children having equipped themselves with these skills are now ready to learn reading. The National Literacy Framework has outlined three levels of work that children have to master in order to become literate; 1. Word-level work that includes phonics, proficiency in spelling and an improving vocabulary. 2. Sentence-level work pertaining to grammatical and punctuation rules. 3. Text-level work with regard to comprehension and composition skills. Wray et al. (2001:2) state that, "Each of these three levels was seen as essential to effective reading and writing and there is a close interrelationship between them." It now remains for the teacher to impart knowledge to the students about these skills as they constitute the entire foundation of their future proficiency in reading and writing. EFFECTIVE TEACHERS AND METHODS OF TEACHING "Success in literacy is measured not by what children know about texts, print etc. but by what they can do with them."(Wray et al. 2001:6) this statement captures the essence of what literacy is meant to do. The prerequisites for effective teachers and methods of teaching given below are derived from the research done by Wray, Medwell, Poulson and Fox. Effective teachers have a clear idea of what they are going to teach and how they are going to go about it. They are systematic in their teaching methods. Teaching is done using "shared" texts, where the teacher and students pool their resources to negotiate their way through the obscure and sometimes treacherous terrain of grammar, punctuation and other literacy essentials. The many aspects of reading and writing are taught not as so many isolated shards of information but as part of a larger, comprehensive whole. Good teachers have well-developed system for monitoring every individual student's progress and catering to their needs accordingly. Effective methods of teaching include careful attention to the teaching of pronunciation, word features like syllables and inflections, synonyms, punctuations, grammatical constructions etc. A suitable "literate environment" must be constructed bearing in mind a

Gender differences and factors that affect stock Research Paper

Gender differences and factors that affect stock - Research Paper Example However the author wanted to find out any relationship between those factors and stock investment which was not widely studied by early researches. What is the central hypothesis or main proposition that the author is trying to express/explore? Is your (the central) hypothesis best classified as descriptive, explanatory, or predictive/causal? Does the main hypothesis call for a measure of association or a measure of difference between two variables? Defend your position on these issues. This study is intended to determine factors that affect the investment decision of a sample of Canadian investors and analyze relationships between different variables. According to the literature provided by the author this type of researches had not been conducted earlier therefore this is best described as a descriptive or exploratory research. Select the central hypotheses presented in the article. What is the theoretical basis of your (the central) hypothesis? Does this hypothesis logically flow from and relate to the theorized constructs and relationships presented as the basis for the research or was it picked out of thin air? Defend your position. The central hypothesis have a research importance since the findings of this research may helpful for many mediators, investors, advisers and policy makers of the stock market . They can use these findings for more efficient and sustainable stock market Construct Validity? In your (the central) hypothesis, look for a description of how the cause (that is, the independent (or predictor variable(s)) and the effect (that is, the dependent (or criterion variable(s)) are being measured. Face Validity:   Do the measures measure what they are supposed to measure?   Internal reliability:   Are the measures reliable?   What level of measurement is applied to these variables (for example, for each, identify if they are nominal, ordinal, scalar). What is the

The McDonalds Corporation Essay Example for Free

The McDonalds Corporation Essay McDonald’s serves nearly 69 million customers everyday in 119 countries and employs more than 1.8 million people across the globe in corporate and restaurant positions. Â  The McDonalds restaurante began in 1940 as a BBQ eatery by Richard and Maurice McDonald. The present corporation that is McDonalds dates the founding back to 1955, when the first franchised restaurante was built in Des Plaines, IL by Ray Kroc. Presently, there sits 1 President/CEO along with 15 other board member to make up the McDonalds Corporation. Don Thompson took over as acting President/CEO of McDonalds in June of 2011 his board members include: Tim Fenton, Jose Armario, Peter Bensen, Rick Colon, Richard Floersch, Doug Goare, Dave Hoffman, Jim Johannsan, Edgardo Navarro, Kevin Newell, Steve Plotkin, Lee Renz, Gloria Santana, Jeff Stratton and Fred Turner. Headquarters are located in Oak Brook, IL and areas of influence include 119 countries, ranging from California to the Asian Pacific. McDonalds operates about 35,000 restaurantes worldwide and is worth an estimated 15.15 billion dollars. The main operations of McDonalds include: Indoor/Outdoor seating, counter and drive thru service, Auto-mac and McDrive pay.To accommodate the current trend for high quality coffee and the popularity of coffee shops in general, McDonalds introduced McCafe, a cafe style eatery to McDonalds restaurants in the style of starbucks. McCafe is a concept created by McDonalds Australia, starting with Melbourne in 1993. Today, most McDonalds in Australia have McCafes located within the existing McDonalds restaurant. In Tasmania, there are McCafes in every store, with the rest of the states quickly following suit. After upgrading to the new McCafe look and feel, some Australian stores have noticed up to a 60% increase in sales. As of the end of 2003 there were over 600 McCafes worldwide. Also meeting the latest trend of convenience McDonalds employed the McStop and McExpress, which are commonly located in Wal-Marts, back of Malls and shopping centers, Convenient stores/truck stops and gas stations. McDonalds brand mission is to be our customers favorite place and way to eat. Our worldwide operations are aligned around a global strategy called the Plan to Win, which center on an exceptional customer experience – People, Products, Place, Price and Promotion. We are committed to continuously improving our operations and enhancing our customers experience.

The Joy of Hate :: Example Personal Narratives

The Joy of Hate About ten years ago my dad was pastor in a church near Charleston. Two centuries ago, this was a prominent area in the slave industry, and after the Civil War, many harbored hateful attitudes toward blacks. Many families passed down this legacy of prejudice to the present day. After my father had been at this church for six months, one of the deacons asked him for a favor. Every year the town, mainly the church, held a youth baseball league and the deacon wanted my dad to announce the beginning of the season to the congregation and have my older brother play on a team. My father initially accepted the invitation but wanted to know more. He asked the deacon how the church had advertised the league and was told that the church did nothing else to publicize the program. Dad thought this a bit strange. Didn't the congregation want as many kids as possible to show up? When my dad investigated this puzzling question, he didn't like what he found. They weren't advertising because they didn't want the whole town to participate, especially the black families. This made my dad reconsider making the announcement to the church. He talked to my mom and prayed very hard for many days. Finally my father decided he would make the announcement and allow my brother to play. Although he didn't want to do this, my father knew that if he didn't, someone else would, and they'd twist it so he would look like a bad guy. There was one condition, though: If my father found out any black family who signed up their child to play was rejected, my brother would not play. Although he never found any proof of this, my father had a feeling it had happened. Daddy knew he couldn't change the league, so he decided instead to start a soccer team and advertise it clearly as a "for-everyone" event. He invited many families, black and white, to sign up their kids, and his hard work paid off. About 80 kids showed up for the first practice, half black and half white. Our entire family rejoiced at the large turnout, but soon something strange began to happen. Week by week the number of players declined. By the fourth practice, not enough showed up to even resemble a team.

Dudley R. B. Grant

THE EARLY CHILDHOOD ACT (Act of 2005) ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS 1. 2. Short title and commencement Interpretation. Registration 3. Registration of early childhood institutions. Application for registration. Permit to operate institution prior to registration. Refusal of registration. Register of early childhood institutions to be kept. Records of early childhood institution to be kept. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Complaints procedure. 10. Suspension and cancellation of registration. 11. Notice of suspension etc. , of registration. 12. Appeal. 13. Cancellation of permit. 14.Investigations. Operation and Inspection of Early Childhood Institutions 15. Qualifications of operator and employees. 16. Prohibition of corporal punishment and restraint of child. 17. Storage of toxic substances, etc. 2 18. Assignment of officers and powers of entry and inspection. 19. Obligation of staff to co-operate. 20. Penalty for obstruction. 21. Health inspection. 22. Order of closure of early childhood institutions. General 23. Regulations. 24. Offences. 25. Penalty where no express penalty. 26. Registration of existing early childhood institutions. A BILL ENTITLED AN ACT to Provide for the Regulation and Management of early childhood institutions and for other connected matters. BE IT ENACTED by The Queen’s Most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate and House of Representatives of Jamaica, and by the authority of the same, as follows:Short title and commencement. Interpretation. 1. This Act may be cited as the Early Childhood Act, 2005, and shall come into operation on a day to be appointed by the Minister by notice published in the Gazette. 2.In this Act – â€Å"basic school† means a school that offers a course of educational training for students under the age of six years; â€Å"Commission† means the Early Childhood Commission established under section 3 of the Early Childhood Commission Act; â€Å"day care centre† means any p remises used for the provision of nonresidential day care service to more than four children up to six years of age for at least six hours per day and at least four days per week; â€Å"early childhood institution† means a setting that provides developmentally appropriate care, stimulation, education and socialization, for children under the age of six years, including day care centres and basic schools; â€Å"inspector† means a person assigned by the prescribed authority pursuant to section 18; â€Å"prescribed authority† means the Early Childhood Unit of the Ministry 4 responsible for education, or such other entity as the Minister may designate in writing. Registration Registration of early childhood institutions. 3. – (1) No person shall operate an early childhood institution unless that institution is registered under this Act. (2) Every application for registration under this section shall be submitted in accordance with section 4. (3) The Commissio n shall register an early childhood institution if n relation to an application the Commission is satisfied, based upon the written report of the prescribed authority, that – (a) (b) the applicant is eighteen years of age or over; the applicant is a fit and proper person to operate an early childhood institution; (c) where the applicant is an individual, the applicant has not been convicted of an offence under the Dangerous Drugs Act, the Offences Against the Person Act or the Child Care and Protection Act, or an offence involving fraud, dishonesty or moral turpitude; (d) where the applicant is a company, none of its directors or in the case of another body of persons, none of its members, has been convicted of an offence mentioned in paragraph (c); (e) a person to be employed by the applicant in the operation of the institution has not been convicted of an offence mentioned in paragraph (c); (f) the applicant or a person to be employed by the applicant in the operation of th e institution is not, by reason of any infirmity of mind or body or otherwise, incapable of operating or being employed in the institution; and 5 (g) First Schedule. the premises in which the institution is to be operated meets the requirements set out in the First Schedule. (4) Where the registration of an early childhood institution is pproved by the Commission, the Commission shall – (a) within thirty days after such approval (exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays and public general holidays), issue a registration certificate to the institution; and (b) upon the issue of the registration certificate, cause a notice of the registration to be published in the Gazette. (5) (a) A notice under subsection (4)(b) shall state the name of the institution as it appears on the registration certificate; and (b) the name of the operator of the institution. (6) The operator of an early childhood institution registered under this section shall ensure that a valid registration certificate issue d to the institution under subsection (4) is displayed in a conspicuous place on the premises of the institution. 7) Registration under this section (a) shall be valid for a period of five years from the date of issue of the registration certificate; and (b) may be renewed upon application in accordance with the provisions of section 4, not later than thirty days before the date of expiration thereof. (8) A person, other than the holder of a permit issued under section 5, who operates an early childhood institution that is not duly registered under this Act, commits an offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding two hundred thousand dollars. 6 Application for registration. Second Schedule. 4. – (1) Every application for registration in accordance with this section shall be in the prescribed form and shall be submitted to the Commission, together with the matters specified in the Second Schedule. 2) Within seven days (excl usive of Saturdays, Sundays and public general holidays) after receiving an application under subsection (1), the Commission shall forward a copy of the application to the prescribed authority. (3) Within fifteen days (exclusive of Saturdays, Sundays and public general holidays) after receiving an application submitted in accordance with subsection (1), an officer of the prescribed authority authorized in that behalf shall arrange with the applicant to – (a) (b) visit and conduct an inspection of the proposed premises; and conduct interviews of the applicant and, as the prescribed authority considers necessary, persons proposed to be employed in the operation of the institution.Permit to operate institution prior to registration. 5. – (1) The Commission may, upon the recommendation of the prescribed authority, issue to an applicant for registration under section 3 a permit to operate the institution pending the determination of the application. (2) A permit under subse ction (1) shall cease to be valid upon (a) the delivery to the applicant of a certificate of registration under section 3(4); or (b) where a notice of refusal of registration is delivered to the applicant under section 6, upon the expiration of twenty-four hours after the delivery of the notice or such longer time as the Commission may specify in the notice. 3) As a condition of the grant of a permit under this section, the Commission may, on the recommendation of the prescribed authority, 7 impose time scales for the completion of improvements or amendments to the mode of operation or the premises of the institution. (4) A permit issued under this section shall – (a) (b) be in the prescribed form ; and stipulate all the conditions imposed under subsection (3) in respect of the institution. (5) The holder of a permit under this section shall allow an inspector entry onto the premises of the institution, at all reasonable hours, for the purpose of carrying out any inspection t o ascertain whether or not the institution is in compliance with the conditions of the permit. Refusal of registration. 6. (1) The Commission shall, upon the recommendation of the prescribed authority, refuse an application for registration under section 4 – (a) in any case where the Commission is not satisfied as to the matters set out in section 3(3); or (b) if the Commission is satisfied that – (i) a person to be employed by the applicant is not a fit and proper person to be employed in an early childhood institution; (ii) for reasons connected with zoning, situation, construction, accommodation, staffing or equipment, the premises to be used for the operation of the institution are not fit to be so used. (2) Where an application is refused under this section, the Commission shall send to the applicant a notice of the refusal, specifying the reasons therefor. Register of early childhood institu7. The Commission shall keep a register of early childhood institutions a nd shall cause to be entered therein, from time to time, in respect of every early childhood institution registered in accordance with the 8 tions to be kept. Records of early childhood institution to be kept. Complaints procedure. provisions of this Act, the name of the institution and such particulars in relation thereto as may be prescribed. 8.An operator of an early childhood institution shall keep proper records showing the business conducted by him in respect of that early childhood institution and shall keep such other records as may be prescribed. 9. – (1) A person may make a complaint in writing to the Commission if that person has reason to believe that – (a) an early childhood institution has contravened any provision of this Act; or (b) a child at any early childhood institution has been abused or has suffered injury or harm as a result of the act or negligence of the operator, a person acting as an agent, or any person employed in the operation, of the ear ly childhood institution. 2) Upon receiving a complaint under subsection (1), the Commission shall refer the complaint to an inspector who shall, with a view to preparing the report mentioned in subsection (3), make such inquiries as he thinks fit and conduct discussions with the complaining party, the operator of the early childhood institution and, where appropriate, any employee of the early childhood institution involved in the complaint. (3) The inspector shall submit to the Commission a report containing the following information – (a) the grounds of the complaint, noting any facts in dispute between the relevant parties; (b) whether, in the opinion of the inspector, the matter can be remedied; 9 (c) if the inspector is of the opinion that the matter can be remedied, the measures recommended by the inspector to effect the remedy; and (d) he time period that the inspector considers to be reasonably sufficient to effect the remedy. (4) Upon receiving a report under subsec tion (3), the Commission shall – (a) give notice in writing of its intention to consider the report, to – (i) the operator of the early childhood institution and any employee of such institution who is involved in the complaint, together with a copy of the complaint and a copy of the report; (ii) the complaining party, together with a copy of the report; (b) in such notice, specify a period, being not less than seven days, during which any of the persons referred to in paragraph (a) shall be entitled to attend before the Commission, to make representations concerning the complaint. 5) After the expiry of the period mentioned in subsection (4), the Commission may – (a) (b) dismiss the complaint; or confirm the complaint and direct the implementation of the recommendations contained in the report, subject to such variations (if any) as the Commission thinks fit. (6) A person who attends before the Commission under subsection (4) shall be entitled to be accompanied by his attorney-at-law. (7) This section is without prejudice to any other proceedings that may be brought in relation to the complaint by virtue of any other law. 10 Suspension and cancellation of registration. 10. – (1) Subject to section 11, the Commission may, in accordance with subsection (2), suspend or cancel the registration of an early childhood institution. 2) The Commission may, by notice in writing to the operator of an early childhood institution – (a) suspend the registration of the early childhood institution if the Commission is satisfied that the institution – (i) is being operated in breach of any of the requirements of this Act or of regulations made under this Act; or (ii) in any case where pursuant to section 9(3)(c) an inspector recommends measures to remedy the matter, the operator has failed to comply with a direction made by the Commission under section 9(5)(b); (b) cancel the registration if the Commission is satisfied that – (i ) the operator of the early childhood institution or a person employed in the operation of the institution has been convicted of an offence mentioned in section 3(b)(i); (ii) the operator of the early childhood institution is, by reason of mind or body or otherwise, incapable of operating the institution; (iii) the premises of the early childhood institution are found to be unsuitable upon an inspection carried out pursuant to section 18; (iv) the early childhood institution is being operated in breach of the Public Health Act; or 11 (v) the registration has been suspended under subsection (2)(a) on more than one occasion over a period of eighteen months. (3) Where the Commission suspends the registration of an early childhood institution under subsection (2)(a), the Commission shall act in accordance with subsection (4). 4) The Commission (a) may cancel the registration if six months have expired after the date of such suspension, and the Commission is satisfied that the grounds fo r the suspension still exist at the institution; or (b) shall forthwith restore the registration if satisfied that – (i) the operator has complied with the directions (if any) issued under section 9(5)(b); and (ii) the grounds for suspension no longer exist, and shall, in writing, inform the operator of the restoration. (5) The Commission shall cause a notice of every suspension, cancellation or restoration of registration under this Act to be published in the Gazette. Notice of suspension etc. , of registration. 11. (1) Before refusing an application for renewal of registration, or suspending or cancelling the registration of an early childhood institution, the Commission shall give to the operator of the institution not less than seven days written notice of the Commission’s intention to do so, stating – (a) the grounds on which the Commission intends to refuse the application for renewal of the registration, or suspend or cancel the registration, as the case may be; and (b) that, if within seven days after the receipt of that notice, the operator informs the Commission that he desires an opportunity 12 to show cause why such action should not be taken, the Commission shall, before taking any action, afford the operator or his representative such an opportunity. 2) If the operator fails to show cause as mentioned in subsection (1)(b), the Commission shall – (a) in the case of suspension or cancellation, act in accordance with section 10(2) and shall send a copy of the notice referred to in that subsection by registered post to the operator; and (b) in the case of refusal to renew registration, send to the applicant notice of refusal to renew registration. (3) A notice referred to in subsection (2)(a) shall not be effective until the expiration of seven days from the date on which it was issued, or where notice of appeal is given under section 12, until the appeal has been determined or withdrawn. Appeal. 12. A person aggrieved by any decision of the Commission to refuse an pplication for registration or renewal of registration or to suspend or cancel registration may, within seven days after the date on which the notice of such decision was received by him, appeal against such decision to the Appeal Tribunal appointed by the Minister in accordance with the Third Schedule. Cancellation of permit. 13. – (1) The Commission, acting on the recommendation of the prescribed authority, may, by notice in writing to the operator of an early childhood institution, cancel a permit issued under section 5 if the Commission is satisfied that any condition of the permit is being breached in relation to the early childhood institution. 2) The provisions of section 11 and 12 shall apply, with the necessary modifications, to the cancellation of a permit under this section. provisions of the Third Schedule. 13 Investigations. 14. – (1) The Commission may, where it considers it expedient to do so, hold or cause to be held an investigation – (a) to determine whether any registration made, or permit issued, under this Act should be suspended, restored or cancelled; (b) in respect of the breach of any provision of this Act or any regulations made hereunder, or the terms or conditions of any such permit; or (c) as respects any matter related to or connected with its functions, so as to determine whether any of such functions should be exercised. 2) With respect to any investigation under subsection (1), the following provisions shall have effect (a) the persons holding the investigation (hereinafter referred to as â€Å"the investigator†) shall do so in such manner and under such conditions as the investigator may think most effectual for ascertaining the facts of the matter under investigation; (b) the investigator shall have for the purposes of the investigation all the powers of a Resident Magistrate to summon witnesses, call for the production of books and documents and to exami ne witnesses and the parties concerned on oath; (c) any person summoned to attend or to produce books or documents under this section and refusing or neglecting to do so, or refusing to answer any question put to him by or with the concurrence of the investigator commits an offence and is liable on summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars and in default of payment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months: Provided that no person shall be bound to incriminate himself 14 and every witness shall, in respect of any evidence given by him at such an investigation be entitled to the same privileges to which he would be entitled if giving evidence before a court; (d) any witness attending at the request of, or upon summons by, the investigator shall, subject to any order made by the tribunal, be entitled to like allowances for expenses as if summoned to attend a Resident Magistrate’s Court. Operation and Inspection of Early Childhood Institutions Qualifications of operator and employees. 15. (1) A person shall not operate an early childhood institution unless that person meets the qualifications prescribed under subsection (4) as to training in the care of children. (2) The operator of an early childhood institution shall not employ any person in the institution for the purpose of caring for the children therein unless that person meets the qualifications prescribed under subsection (4) as to training in the care of children. (3) A person who contravenes subsection (1) or (2) commits an offence. (4) The Commission may, with the approval of the Minister, make regulations prescribing qualification requirements in respect of operators and employees of early childhood institutions. Prohibition of corporal punishment and restraint of child. 16. (1) Corporal punishment shall not be inflicted on a child in an early childhood institution. (2) A mechanical or electrical device shall not be used to restra in a child in an early childhood institution. (3) Where restraint of a child is necessary, such restraint shall be administered in accordance with regulations made for that purpose. Storage of 17. All medicines, cleaning agents or toxic substances kept at an early childhood institution shall be appropriately labelled and stored in a 15 toxic substances, etc. locked cupboard or other locked receptacle, which shall be kept (a) out of the reach of children; (b) away from equipment; and (c) away from the area in which food is stored.Assignment of officers and powers of entry and inspection. 18. – (1) The prescribed authority may assign such officers as it thinks necessary to be inspectors of early childhood institutions for the purpose of investigating complaints and otherwise securing the proper observance of the provisions of this Act. (2) The assignment of an officer pursuant to this section shall be published by notice in the Gazette and such officer shall be furnished with a certificate of assignment, which he shall produce to the operator or any other person in charge of an early childhood institution, if required to do so, on entering any premises pursuant to subsection (3). 3) An inspector may at all reasonable hours enter and inspect any early childhood institution, or any premises which he has reasonable cause to believe is so used, for the purpose of determining whether the institution is being operated in accordance with this Act. (4) An inspector may, for the purposes of subsection (3) – (a) require the production of records or other documents required to be kept pursuant to this Act; (b) make copies of such documents or records. Obligation of staff to co-operate. 19. – (1) Every operator and employee of an early childhood institution shall co-operate with an inspector executing his functions pursuant to section 18. 2) Any person who fails to comply with subsection (1) commits an offence and is liable upon summary conviction befor e a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding ten thousand dollars and in default of payment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months. 16 Penalty for obstruction. 20. Any person who wilfully obstructs or impedes an inspector in the execution of his duties under this Act commits an offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding twenty thousand dollars and in default of payment to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months. Health inspection. 21. The Minister may cause an early childhood institution to be visited t any reasonable time by the Chief Medical Officer or any other health personnel for the purpose of ensuring that proper health standards are maintained at that early childhood institution. Order for closure of early childhood institutions. 22. – (1) Where the Minister has grounds to believe that the welfare of children in an early childhood institution has been, is being or is likely to be, endan gered and that it is in the public interest to make an order under this section, the Minister may by order published in the Gazette direct that the institution be closed for such period or pending the fulfilment of such conditions, as the Minister thinks necessary. 2) A person who fails to comply with an order under subsection (1) shall be liable on summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding two hundred and fifty thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months. (3) For the purposes of subsection (1) the Minister may take into account any report referred to the Minister by the Commission. General Regulations. 23. – (1) The Minister may, subject to affirmative resolution, make regulations generally for giving effect to the provisions of this Act. (2) Without prejudice to the generality of subsection (1), the Minister may, subject to affirmative resolution, make regulations – (a) prescribing ntries to be made in the rec ords kept pursuant to section 8; 17 (b) prescribing standards with regard to safety, security, sanitation and such other matters as the Minister considers necessary for the efficient operation of an early childhood institution; (c) prescribing conditions for admission of children into early childhood institutions; (d) prescribing the forms of application, registration, reports and other documents to be used under this Act; (e) regulating the manner in which and the conditions subject to which the services of an early childhood institution shall be performed; (f) prescribing the hours during which early childhood institutions may remain open; (g) rescribing guidelines for the nutrition programmes to be implemented by early childhood institutions; (h) regulating the manner in which a child may be restrained in an early childhood institution; (i) (j) the frequency of inspections carried out under this Act; the return, custody or disposal of registration certificates upon the suspension or cancellation of registration; (k) prescribing any other matter or anything, which may be or is required by this Act to be prescribed. Offences. 24. – (1) A person who contravenes section 3(6) (display of registration certificate) commits an offence and shall be liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding twentyfive thousand dollars. 2) A person who intentionally makes false statement or declaration in any application submitted under section 4 commits an offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident 18 Magistrate to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars or to imprisonment for a term not exceeding thirty days. (3) A person who, not being assigned as an inspector pursuant to section 18, assumes the designation or description of, assumes to act as, or impersonates, an inspector commits an offence. Penalty where no express penalty. 25. Any person who contravenes or fails to comply with any of the provisions of thi s Act, for which no penalty is expressly provided, commits n offence and is liable upon summary conviction before a Resident Magistrate to a fine not exceeding fifty thousand dollars and in default of payment to imprisonment with or without hard labour for a term not exceeding thirty days. Registration of existing early childhood institutions. 26. – (1) A person who, on the date of commencement of this Act, is the operator of an early childhood institution shall apply within three months after that date to the Commission to have that early childhood institution registered pursuant to this Act. (2) Every application under this section shall be submitted in accordance with section 4. (3) Where an application has been made pursuant to subsection (1), the operation of the early childhood institution to which it relates may be continued pending the determination of the application. Power to amend Schedules by order. 27.The Minister may, by order subject to affirmative resolution, amend the First or Second Schedule. 19 FIRST SCHEDULE (Section 3) Requirements in respect of premises to be used for the Operation of an early childhood institution Structure. 1. The premises on which an early childhood institution is to be operated shall satisfy the following requirements (a) the building shall – (i) be approved for that purpose by the local planning authority; (ii) be solidly and substantially built with a weather-tight roof; (iii) be floored throughout with timber, concrete, mortar or pavement of brick, stone, tiles or asphalt; (iv) be in good repair; (v) have at least 1. metres square of space for each child and adequate play area outside; (vi) be equipped with suitable and adequate toilet facilities; (b) the premises shall be properly fenced and a gate provided with a latch the height of which shall be beyond the reach of a child; (c) there shall be suitable and adequate number of cribs, cots or other sleeping devices; (d) there shall be an adequate supp ly of safe nontoxic play material; 20 (e) the facilities for food storage and preparation shall be clean, safe and hygienic, in conformity with the Public Health Regulations; and (f) the premises shall be properly ventilated and shall have such other facilities as will encourage the good health and well being of a child. Access. 2. Any premises, constructed after the date of ommencement of this Act, on which an early childhood institution is to be operated shall provide for access by a person with a physical disability, including – (a) (b) ramps for wheelchair access; adequate space for a person on crutches or in a wheelchair to manoeuvre in toilet and activity areas; (c) an appropriate number of wash basins and toilets at wheelchair height; (d) doors that open inward for the purposes of entry and doors that open outward for the purposes of exit. Layout and accommodation. 3. – (1) An early childhood institution shall not be located in a building where any person reside s unless the portion of the building where the early childhood institution is operated is used exclusively for the purposes of that institution during the opening hours of the institution. (2) The following shall be accommodated on the premises of every early childhood institution – (a) an internal play area and access to an outdoor play area; 21 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f) (g) (h) sick bay for children; separate bathroom facilities for staff and children; a food storage and preparation area; a dining area; an area for napping; an administrative area; an instruction area that shall not be used for any purpose other than the instruction of children, when children are present, so situated to allow for a defined space in respect of each of the areas mentioned in paragraphs (a) to (h) and so that the use of one area for its assigned purpose does not interfere with the use of another area for its assigned purpose. (3) The premises shall provide for adequate space for – (a) storage of equipment and materials used at the early childhood institution; and (b) children to move about freely, including crawl space for infants. Lighting. 4. (1) Proper lighting shall be provided in every part of the premises where children are accommodated and through where they may pass. (2) All electrical outlets shall be placed out of the reach of children and shall be protected by safety covers and mechanisms. Water. 5. Adequate supplies of safe drinking water shall be 22 provided for the use of a child in an early childhood institution. Equipment. 6. The premises shall be equipped with – (a) adequate supplies necessary for rendering first aid; and (b) adequate fire fighting and protective equipment. SECOND SCHEDULE 1. The following shall be submitted with every application for registration (a) (b) (c) the prescribed fee; two assport-sized photographs of the applicant; a reference, in such form as may be prescribed by the Commission in regulations published in the Gazette, from any two of the following persons (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) a Justice of the Peace; a Minister of religion; an attorney-at-law; the principal of an educational institution or the chairman of the Board of Management of an educational institution; (v) (vi) a former employer of the applicant; a Resident Magistrate or a Judge of the Supreme Court; or (vii) a police officer above the rank of Inspector; (d) a report, from an officer of the Jamaica Fire Brigade authorized by the Commissioner of the (Section 4) 23Brigade in that behalf, stating that the premises proposed for the operation of the institution have been inspected and that the officer is satisfied that reasonable steps are taken for the prevention of fire and for protection against the dangers of fire and other disaster; (e) a report from a Medical Officer (Health), or any other person authorized in writing in that behalf by the Minister or by a Local Board or by the Medical Officer (Health), stating that the premises proposed fo r the operation have been inspected and are in compliance with the provisions of the Public Health Act; (f) in respect of the applicant and each person proposed to be employed in the operation of the institution – (i) a certificate, from a registered medical practitioner certifying that the applicant or employee, as the case may be, is in good health; and (ii) (g) a food handler’s permit; the name and job description of each proposed employee and a copy of every proposed terms of employment; (h) details as to the proposed premises, including – (i) a floor plan of each building; (ii) a description of the structure; 24 (iii) the type of accommodation (internal and external); (iv) (v) furniture and equipment; such other details as may be prescribed; (i) particulars of fees to be charged and proposed sources of funding. THIRD SCHEDULE The Appeal Tribunal Constitution of Tribunal. 1.The Appeal Tribunal shall (a) subject to paragraph 2, consist of three members appoin ted by the Minister; and (b) have the following qualifications – (i) the chairman shall be an attorney-at-law; and (ii) each of the two other members shall be qualified in at least one of the following areas, that is to say, child care, child psychology, nutrition, paediatrics or nursing. Power of one member to sit alone. Tenure of office. 2. For the hearing of any appeal under this Act, the (Section 12) Appeal Tribunal may consist of one member sitting alone if the parties to the appeal agree. 3. The members of the Appeal Tribunal shall, subject to the provisions of this Schedule, hold office for such period, not exceeding two years, as the Minister may determine and shall be eligible for reappointment. Acting 4. The Minister may appoint any person to act in the 25 appointment. lace of the Chairman or any other member of the Appeal Tribunal in the case of the absence or inability to act of the Chairman or any other member. Resignation. 5. – (1) Any member of the Appea l Tribunal, other than the Chairman, may, at any time, resign his office by instrument in writing addressed to the Minister and transmitted through the Chairman and, from the date of the receipt by the Minister of such instrument, that member shall cease to be a member of the Appeal Tribunal. (2) The Chairman may, at any time, resign his office by instrument in writing addressed to the Minister, and such resignation shall take effect as from the date of receipt by the Minister of that instrument. Revocation of appointment. Filling of vacancies. 6.The Minister may, at any time, revoke the appointment of any member of the Appeal Tribunal if he thinks it expedient to do so. 7. If any vacancy occurs in the membership of the Appeal Tribunal such vacancy shall be filled by the appointment of another member. Publication of membership. Remuneration. 8. The names of all members of the Appeal Tribunal as first constituted and every change in the membership thereof shall be published in the Ga zette. 9. There shall be paid to the Chairman and other members of the Appeal Tribunal, in respect of each appeal, such remuneration, whether by way of honorarium, salary or fees, and such allowances as the Minister may determine. Voting. 10.The decision of the Appeal Tribunal shall be by a majority of votes of the members and in addition to an 26 original vote, the Chairman shall have a casting vote in any case in which the voting is equal. Power to regulate proceedings. Office of Chairman or member of Tribunal not public office. 12. The office of Chairman or member of the Appeal 11. Subject to the provisions of this Schedule, the Appeal Tribunal shall regulate its own proceedings. Tribunal shall not be a public office for the purposes of Chapter V of the Constitution of Jamaica. MEMORANDUM OF OBJECTS AND REASONS There exists the need for a comprehensive framework for all aspects of early childhood education, care and development.An Early Childhood Commission has already been estab lished to oversee the regulation of early childhood services. In order to ensure proper standards, a decision was taken to make legislative provision for the regulation of early childhood institutions. This Bill seeks to give effect to that decision. The Bill provides for – (a) the registration of early childhood institutions; (b) the setting of standards for the operation of such institutions with respect to safety, sanitation, health and supervision and as regards the condition of the relevant premises; 27 (c) monitoring compliance with the legal requirements by a system of inspection. Maxine Henry-Wilson Minister of Education, Youth and Culture