Case Study of Prostitution Essay Example for Free

Case Study of Prostitution EssayHas overall responsibility and account efficacy for providing conditionion in the area of treasury operate, accounting utilitys, or procurance services. This position has discretion in establishing overall operating policies and procedures for assignedQUALIFICATIONSBachelors Degree in accounting, finance, business administration or related field. Relevant experience whitethorn substitute for the degree requirement on a year-for-year basis. Eight years of progressively responsible, professional experience related to area of assignment at a management level. Depending on area of assignment, Certified Public Accountant Certification or Certified Purchasing Manager Certification may be potently preferred or required. KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLSKnowledge of Managerial principles Financial principles and practices in assigned areas of responsibility Budgeting principles and practices Applicable federal, state, and local laws, rules, regulations, and ordina nces Non-profit/college fund accounting systems and principles Advanced essential control practices Advanced financial analysis principles and methods Strategic planning principles and practices.Demonstrated Skill in Coordinating activities with other internal departments and/or external agencies development and monitoring budgets Managing large, complex governmental financial systems Preparing and reviewing reports Interpreting and applying applicable Federal, State, and/or Local laws, rules, and regulationsDUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES1. Plans, organizes, maintains, and manages the processes and operations of multiple functional areas within Finance. Manages the activities of assigned areas to include planning, implementing, administering and evaluating casts and services impacting College operations from a Finance perspective.2. Develops, recommends, and administers policies, procedures, and processes in support of Finance operations in assigned areas of responsibility implem ents and monitors compliance with approved policies, procedures, and processes, ensuring alignment with College mission, values, goals and objectives and local, state, and federal laws and regulations.3. Develops, recommends, and administers policies, procedures, and processes in support of Financial Services operations implements and monitors compliance with approved policies, procedures, and processes.4. Supervises administrative services professionals, paraprofessionals, and technical/support staff and performs both direct and verifying management through subordinates. Hires, evaluates, trains, disciplines and recommends dismissal of staff as necessary.5. Prepares financial management reports for various College programs, reviewing financial data to ensure compliance with applicable local, state, and federal requirements and Generally legitimate Accounting Principles. Researches, analyzes, and interprets applicable laws and regulations relative to assigned areas of responsibil ity makes recommendations based on findings.The node business Relationship division is responsible for the planning, successful execution and comply up for a diverse picture of customer retention campaigns, along with producing their annual budget, monthly forecast, and other business reporting as required. The CRM will leave out innovative and sometimes complex projects to their completion, and thoroughly analyze maturing data in order to make sound recommendations for next steps that aim to improve our financial results. Responsibilities PL Responsibility for reaching or exceeding budgeted financial goals in one or more of our key customer retention categories saves and reinstatement, customer longevity, freight rate ups, and cross sell using a renewal of communication media including invoice text, inserts, email and telemarketing. Campaign Planning Execution accountable for conceptualizing and managing a diverse stray of customer retention campaigns and initiatives. This includes idea generation and exploration, preparing and presenting proposals, overseeing the creative and merchandiseion processes and championing successful execution. Campaign Analysis Analyze campaign outcomes in detail, using a variety of proprietary software applications. Draw insights and present results clearly to facilitate sound decision making on next steps. Budget/Forecast Build a detailed, bottom-up annual budget for areas of responsibility. Supply key inputs to the quarterly reforecast, using the most accurate, up-to-date information available. Be prepared to discuss assumptions used for developing budgets and forecasts. Special Projects Participate in a variety of special projects as requested, including explorations of system or process improvements, new retention categories, and joint projects with Customer Service. Customer Focus Working with Customer Service, market Services and Operation to develop and maintain a customer-focused attitude toward activit ies, concentrating on those that most strongly contribute toward improving customer lifetime value.Qualifications BS degree with major in Marketing required 4-6 years experience in a direct marketing environment, earlier with experience in both acquisition and retention marketing Continuity or club experience, including retention and cross selling strongly preferred. Keen project management skills with an ability to interact with and motivate others to succeed on several fronts simultaneously Effective verbal and written communication on all levels and both internally and externally Strong analytical, technical and mathematical abilities Self-motivated, analytical, quick learner, organized, detail-oriented, multi-tasker Prioritizes workload and meets deadlines for a variety of marketing deliverables Demonstrates initiative with a results orientation, while exhibiting strong deal and leadership skill Marketing and communication divisionis someone who works to promote a com panys services or products. Marketing communications managers work in conjunction with advertising and gross revenue managers, helping to generate income for their company. They are employed in a wide array of industries and perform a multitude of tasks. Marketing communication managers also hire, train and organize their staffs.Responsibilities Manage the marketing communications function including communications calendar, brand, PR plan, and content developmentDevelop presentations, collateral, positioning documents and sales tools to support both internal channel Management teams as well as Mobile Accesss VARs, strategic carriers and OEMs o Work with product management to integrate the product roadmap into a communications calendar and translate the new product value in terms of the overall companys position within the market o Create a Mobile Access style guide and manage companys brand bod and consistency o Translate complex technical solutions in to easy to comprehend marke ting messages Administer the companys Web-site including overall positioning, content and messaging. Responsible for managing the Mobile Access Partner Portal coordinating with the channel program team on content and tool needs Create and manage direct/indirect marketing campaigns to enable Mobile Access VARs to drive acquisition and embedded base sales Work with industry analysts and pr firm to hit Mobile Access brand presence and recognition Responsible for event management .QUALIFICATIONS 7-10 years of experience in marketing and other broad range of marketing and business related roles in technology companies. Broad exposure and holistic understanding of different receiving set technologies and/or in building wireless experience is desirable. Bachelors Degree required a focus in English or communications is preferred Must have a writing ambit and previous experience with creating press releases, marketing collateral and white papers Experience with managing a Web-site an d/or portal, utilizing a CMS like Expression Engine as well as managing the site performance against standard Web metrics Experience with e-marketing campaigns (Webinars, e-mail, banner ads, search (organic and paid), Web 2.0 tools) Experience with branding, co-branding and managing a brand delivered via indirect distribution. High-energy and team-oriented candidate desired- Familiarity with Adobe CS3/4 suiteThe Retail DivisionYou will be responsible forThe aim of any retail manager is to maximize profit while minimizing costs. Retail managers ensure promotions are accurate and merchandised to the companys standards, staff is fully versed on the target for the day and polished customer care standards are met. Depending on the size of the store, and company structure, retail managers may also be required to deal with human resources, marketing, logistics, information technology, customer service and finance. managing and motivating a team to increase sales and ensure efficiency managing stock levels and making key decisions about stock control analyzing sales figures and forecasting future sales volumes to maximize profits analyzing and interpreting trends to facilitate planning using information technology to record sales figures, for data analysis and forward planning dealing with staffing issues such as interviewing potential staff, conducting appraisals and performance reviews, as well as providing or organising training and development ensuring standards for quality, customer service and health and safety are met resolving health and safety, legal and security issues responding to customer complaints and comments promoting the organization locally by liaising with local schools, newspapers and the community in habitual organizing special promotions, displays and events attending and chairing meetingsQualificationhas deep understanding, knowledge and skill in the Retail industry, and extensive experience in managing Retail operations across a network ideally in the beauty and gift sectors.You must possess excellent analytical skills and commercial flair evidenced by previous ability to drive commercial growth, be an inspirational leader with excellent people management skills, strong business acumen with ability to perform with insight and scholarship and first class decision making and negotiation skills.

The Competencies Between BSN and ADN Nurses Essay Example for Free

The Competencies Between BSN and ADN Nurses EssayWhat is the difference between associate and baccalaureate degree c are for? The associate degree is a two to three year entry level tertiary education nursing degree. The associate degree like the baccalaureate degree can sit for NCLEX-RN and be licensed as a registered nurse. The bachelor degree is a four year academic degree in the science and principles of nursing (Wikipedia). The baccalaureate degree prepares professional nurses for a role away from the bedside and opens up new opportunities for forebodinger advancement and higher salary, such as administration, research, consulting, and teaching. These positions not available to the associate degree nurses. The baccalaureate degree goes beyond the associate degree by a more in-depth scholastic requirement of somatic and social sciences, nursing research, public and community health, nurse management and the humanities with a better understanding of issues that affect and influence health occupy straightaway such as cultural, political, social and economic factors.Health care is rapidly evolving and so the role of the professional nurse must change accordingly. Nurses directly are a large part of the interdisciplinary team, and as the primary providers responsible for direct patient care and education, the better educated the nurses caring for the patient, the safer the delivery of care will be given. A strong education will have an impact on a nurses ability to practice and solely patients deserve the best educated nurses available.Education is the key to the registered nurses career advancements. Nurses with a bachelors degree are better prepared for the demands of nursing today in roles of leadership, boldness management and health promotion, and the ability to practice in a variety of inpatient and outpatient settings. A growing body of research reinforces the dogma that shows a connection between baccalaureate education and lower patient mortality rates. (American Association of Collages of nurse).Multiple nursing councils have issued a statement ask all registers nurses to advance their education in the interest of quality and safety across healthcare settings to meet the nations needs to deliver safe, impressive patient care (Education Advancement of Registered Nurses. ) As the needs of the public grow, the expectations of quality educated nurses grow and become more complex. Evidence based research supports the theory that nurses prepared in a bachelor degree program are more likely to complete the graduate level of education.Job growth, is expected to be the greatest in higher education positions. Nurses with a baccalaureate degree or higher are more marketable than the associate degree nurse, as shown by the fact that BSN nurses have stronger communication and problem solving skills and are more proficient in the ability to pick out nursing diagnoses and evaluate nursing interventions (Giger and Davidhizar , 1990 fact sheet ). The baccalaureate nurses demonstrate higher competency in communication, leadership, professional integration, and research evaluation. (Phillips et al. , 2002 fact sheet ).Differentiated Nursing Practice is the new model of care(fact sheet), it is defined by level of education, clinical skills, job descriptions, pay scale, and decision making participation. These models of care can be the stepping stone to advancement within the organization with the foundation being experience, education, certifications or other indicators of professional excellence. Evidence of a differentiated practice can surrogate positive outcomes in ways of job satisfaction, staffing costs, turnover rates, and lower adverse outcomes such as medication errors, patient falls and injuries to staff and patients. fact sheet).As a patient is admitted to the hospital either through the emergency department, operating room or the clinics, case management is involved at the moment of admission, t he case manager must have an educational background to support the needs of the patients future past the hospital admission. Is the patient going to be able to care for themselves at home with or without a caregiver? Will they need a long term care facility, will they need just a few weeks in a rehabilitation center before going home? Could they benefit from an advanced care hospital before a rehab or extended care facility?These are the questions that a case manager must answer as part of the multi interdisciplinary team. Without a higher level of education the case manager would not be able to take in all the issues from injury and/or illness to culture and environment to make an educated nursing diagnosis and facilitate the needs of the patient. As the diagnoses become more of a multi systems dysfunction, the bigger the challenge for the entire medical staff, to coordinate extreme care for the patients. As a graduate from a BSN nursing program the case manager has the education to address all the issues.

Collective Selection Theory and Class Differentiation

Collective infusion Theory and Class DifferentiationSelection argues that port as a force in culture, collective selection substitutes social class differentiation as a motive for its dynamic variegate. The elites (buyers and designers) argon the ones that actuate but do non affect the formulate system thus causing collective selection. This occurs because buyers and designers are intertwined in a mesh of a homogeneous culture where they read the same elans and have the kind of influences to each other. The collective selection forms part of a novel movement towards newer tastes with private road forces of mould macrocosm historical continuity (newer flairs arising from older ones), modernity, collective taste from tender interaction and finally psychological motives which Blumer (1969) acknowledges but does not favour. From his examination, he observes musical mode as a substitution force that affects cultural sociology. His form of manner is semi-autonomous which responds to but it is not influenced by opinions and taste of elites. This was a first attempt by sociologists to take the national of fashion seriously. Georg Simmel in his 1904s class analysis of fashion had given a casual examination of the topic.Introduction forge is among the most creative and important constancy in the world.Everyone participates in culture of the fashion industry to a certain degree. counterfeit is a subject that periodically rediscovers itself and it is fascinating in its dynamics of humanities and social sciences. Social thinkers over time have treated the fashion industry as a window for social change and social class. Fashion has been viewed to embody characteristics re representing modernity and culture. Some sociologists argue that it is hard to fathom a social life be it in arts, sciences, politics, entertainment, academia, business, law or morality without exhibiting elements of fashion in one way or another. Society tend to flock to styles, ideas , methods and practices that appear new and exciting to them, and after a period of time, the intensity of the trance diminishes when newer ones emerge. The need and desire to be in fashion is manifested mostly in dressing. This is characterized by a pull of the nightclubs or inividuals continuity and the also the push to encounter new innovations.A cultural analysis of fashion is essential in understanding the dynamic shift in slides over time. Unlike the trickle overpower possible action by Georg Simmel in 1904 which did not observe fashion first-hand, the Blumers collective selection speculation gives attention to the whole process of meaning to society with center on on practices that are coetaneous. An observation is made from the above two theories that fashion instalters are the ones who mainly benefit from the intertwined relationship whereas followers benefit a forgetful bit. Blumer asks fellow sociologists to take seriously the topic of fashion. He argues that t his is so because fashion is more than clothing. Fashion is natural as it did not appear to society that in history as fashion but achievements that were up-to-date. He further states that fashion is important socially because where it operates be it in philosophy, business or science, it assumes a central position. Blumer asserts that fashion is a behavior that is rational. Fashion has its respectability because people respond to its character that is of distinction and propriety.Simmels (1957) view of fashion as style in his trickle-down theory provided insights such as the relevance of prestige in fashion operation and the proper identification of the realm of fashion as a form of change which is natural as opposed to aberrant. This analysis however falls short of catching the real position of fashion as a wider social happening. Simmel adds that fashion is taken up by social elites for the reason of classifying themselves from the other lower class. The lower base or class adop ts the style of the hurrying group. When new fashions emerge, the upper class shifts to flee from their counterparts hence causing a continuous trickle-down effect characterized by the need for the upper class to distinguish themselves. In a nutshell, fashion is influenced by need for social stratification and social mobility. Though there has been wide criticism of the social class theory as creation simplistic and also one-dimensional, it has had broad influence on todays fashion because observation of fashion trends of many consumers show that high status people and the wealthy set the trend in fashion. For instance fashion magazines show images of items that are highly priced and outside the reach of lower class group, this cause a drive for the ordinary group to imitate and emulate the rich. However, it is not the wealth and prestige of the elite that shed light ons the very design fashionable, but it is the designs potential fashionableness that allows the elites prestige t o be attached. This is possible because the elite, rather than set the trends/fashion, they struggle and strive to follow its direction. This is based on the fact that people will consume fashion but not because of their wealth or prestige of their social class but just to show fashionability. Moreover, the elite have to suffer a decision of choosing in the midst of competing trends in fashion and that the choice they make is not always dependent on prestige of the innovator of the same fashion. In addition, class structure of the 20th century was different from the subsequent centuries. The contemporary societys class has a diversified structure and puts emphasis on fashion modernity.Zeitgeist theoryBlumer (1969) expands on the views of Simmel by outlining all the societal conditions of fashion appearance because fashion emanates from societies. On the theory advanced by Herbert Blumer, fashion comes from a process that is collective where people adopt collective tastes expressed in trends in fashion. The driving force of fashion is not always imitation of the higher class people per se, rather they follow trends in fashion because of their desire to be fashionable. Consumers make a choice among various options available in the fashion market. People think of choices of their fashion as personal style and expressing individuality. As the selection goes on at individual level, it also occurs in aggregation into tastes that are collective.As selection and aggregation process in fashion goes on, a zeitgeist theory of trend is reflected. Individual choices in fashion spark a movement which has collective character implications on society. For example a style observed by a public figure may manifest the zeitgeist trend. The theory is a critique of the trickle-down effect of imitation of people of high status. The theory views fashion and trend as a collective or aggregation of choices of individuals in the society. It emphasizes not imitation or copying, but the desire by an individual to be fashionable. For instance, the desire to be in fashion does not necessarily mean emulation of values, lifestyle, or status of the group that sported the style first. Such individuals may opt to be in a collective moment which does not require imitation of what others are wearing. A status theory in trends might suggest that joining a trend is copying. Moreover, fashion rises as emulation and then follows by a decline when early adopters try to stratify themselves from the masses by adopting new style. It then follows that, if one tries to equate joining a trend with copying, then the conclusion is that copying is a driving force for fashion. However, the trickle-down effect or status theory does not completely exhaust all the motivations for trends in fashion. According to the zeitgeist theory, imitation of elites and copying does not completely dress fashion. Therefore, the theory disaggregates fashion from copying and that it moves not because the market is saturated with copies. In a nutshell, copying in fashion change may play a small role but it is not the engine without which the industrys innovation would stagnate.Social construction element of fashion in a societyBlumer argues that fashion as a form of change is not linked to any field arbitrarily but it may affect or influence the content of that particular field which it operates. Fashion is the linkage to the past, the present and the future of the followers of fashion. Blumer (1969) gives six features which are basics of fashion which underline the function played by time in the whole fashion process. get-go is the readiness and willingness to change particularly in the area and the people through their practices, beliefs, attachments and they must also be ready to accept new forms of social ordinate which thrusts them into the right direction in the future. The assumption and presupposition is that the area of fashion change is in passage, it will responding to c hanges around it and it is geared towards remaining abreast of current and new developments.Secondly, new proposals or models compete for them to be adopted and embraced. The models for adoption should be diverse by covering a range of viewpoints, themes, doctrines, practices, lines of preoccupation and artifacts use. Thirdly, there has to be relatively free room or opportunity for making a choice between the proposals or models. Fourthly, the selection should be made based on response to the interplay or incipient taste rather than rational considerations, merit or utility. This brings the difficulty of determination of merits because the guiding principles of fashion are not utilitarian or considerations that are rational.Fifthly, is the topic of presence of figures who are prestige and who espouse upon themselves the competing proposals. Blumer (1969) adds that what is perceived to be up to date is better than mere promotion of trends in fashion of certain figure that is prestigi ous (actor, organization, individual). The sixth element or feature is the area of applicability of the fashion. It should be open to emerging new interests in response to effects of outside situation/events, new participants being introduced in the fashion area and shift social interactions. Blumer argues that a course of fashion development must be present so that a given model is solidified and socially lifted which is important for a certain time march (Blumer, 1969 288). According to Meyer and Rowan (1977) as fashion comes and goes within the context of institutional environment, as long as they are accepted and institutionalized as standards in behavior, they can be regarded as institutions.A critique of fashion mechanism featuresViewing fashion mechanism from the perspective of a continuing process of fashion that is of collective selection in a competitive model brings a different picture of social analysis. The elites in fashion form part of a collective process which resp onds to a shift in sensitivity and taste. Features such as historical continuity, modernity, collective taste and psychological motives which affect fashion mechanisms are discussed below.Historical continuityFashion grows out of predecessors. The innovators of fashion always consider prevailing fashion for purposes of embracing, elaborating or departing from it. A continuity line is thus form which typically has a trend. This continuity means that no extreme change occurs. On the other hand Blumer calls the popular adornments which lack successor as fads.modernismBlumer refers to modernity as zeitgeist. Fashion is modern and seeks to remain abreast of modern times. Fashion is always sensitive to changes in developments. Fashion becomes responsible and responsive to trend, to developments in ornamentation, fabrics, and fine arts.Collective tasteCollective taste is a force that ensures a process which selects, sets limits and provides guidance and also undergoes refinement through at tachment to social forms. Taste is tri-fold in nature. It operates like a selector by giving basis for rejection or acceptance. It is also an agent which guides the growth of action lines and by do objects for the purposes of meeting demand. Fashion change occurs frequently in societies where there is more interaction between people and where the newness of the change is most valued rather than feared. Fashion is also not individual but social in nature.Psychological MotivesEarlier scholars have traced fashion to be desires for notoriety and personal prestige. For instance, some define it as the effort towards increasing the self attractiveness under conditions that impair ones integrity of the ego. According to Blumer (1969), such explanations are shallow as they singly or either collectively, has been unable to account for trends in fashion because they do not show how the different feelings lead to fashion process. The definitions fail show fashion as a collective selection proc ess as it is. In summary, there are many factors influencing fashion change. Fashion change is selected collectively through interplay between public taste that is dynamic and desire by the elite group to shape modernity which is part of the public. Fashion, according to Blumer (1969) appears as a collective class or grouping for the near future than a movement that is laid down by the prestige figures.ConclusionBlumers (1969) analysis of fashion as being social rather than individual in nature is a holistic attempt by a sociologist to explain the topic. Blumer (1969) concludes that fashion helps individuals and society in familiar to deal with the dynamics and potential complexities of modern world. Through the process of collective selection, social order is achieved. Fashion brings into fore a measure of uniformity and congruity in a market that would have been fragmented. It introduces some order in the present. It does so by establishing a model that limits variability hence ensuring uniformity. Secondly, fashion serves at detaching the grip of past events in a dynamic world. This calls for option to move towards new directions hence it cannot be referred to as old-fashioned or out-of-date. Finally fashion operates as preparation that is orderly to the future. It offers elites the chance to give their models and at the same time adopts the ones that withstand collective selection. The above three ways help society move in a unified and orderly manner. Fashion should be viewed as a pivotal mechanism which informs social order in a modernized society. Sociologists should strive to analysis fashion without irrationality and inconsequential behavior.

Anti-Spam and Anti-Malware Protection in Exchange 2013

anti-Spam and Anti-Malware Protection in telephone exchange 2013Siddiq Mohammed Siddiq AburuzayzahAbstract This article show what are anti spam and anti malware not been changed sins version 2007 , 2010 and 2013 understructure The Exchange 2003 built in Open Relay Filter or Real time Black hole List capabilities and DNS Blacklist And supplemented later Microsoft Exchange smart Message Filter ( IMF ) And to provide Protection of the highest and most powerful anti-spam It used smart screen technology from Microsoft and for this reason he became in 2004 ( IMF ) crock up from Exchange 2003 in SP2 .With Exchange 2007 and 2010 was able to Microsoft Corp . to develop and improve the exchange of capabilities to postulate spam by providing connection filtering , attachment filtering, sender ID, capability filtering , And other features like sender reputation and IP exclusivelyow / block lists from out the box , on boniface edge or edge server .Also on transport hup server could enabled All these features , With the exceptions of attachment filtering and connection Which operator that most start-ups and small organizations do not have the capacity and the means or sufficient volume of e-mail To justify the cost of installation and maintenance of complete network with edge transport hup , and can almost contend advantage of the full capabilities of the anti-spamAlthough it has been providing good protection level and for some reason was never in built anti malware protection . Usually supplemented Features by use third-party software or appliance , or Microsofts own software and anti malware also anti pam .Anti-Spam in Exchange 2013 Exchange 2013 offers classes ways to curb Anti spam , And also provides filtering anti spam Through the use of transport promoters With built-in transport agents to anti spam , Without adding any changes in the exchange in 2013 .Anti-Spam Mailbox Agents When it is not the organization some kind of third party anti-spam or server tran sport agents Anti spam agents usually enabled on letter box servers filtering appliance .Enabling Anti-Spam The following factors anti spam in exchange 2013 It is not installed by default, but are available in the transport overhaul on the Mailbox server , According to Anti-Spam and Anti-Malware (2013) Content Filter agentSender ID agentSender Filter agentRecipient Filter agentProtocol Analysis agent for sender reputation whatsoever organizations have usually proven anti-spam agents in the transport service on the mailbox When all mail accepted without spam filtering , Until that there is exchange of works on messages before they reach your inbox , such as ( the exchange of 2010 ) , Inbox recognize the agents anti-spam X-headers And which added from exchange , Some messages that contain the X-headers Pass without examination .Example Exchange Online Protection Anti-Spam VS Exchange 2013 It is typically used in the exchange of three ways Although he is exposed of providing excelle nt features or capabilities to anti spam and ease of administration Where organizations can buy EOP from Microsoft where they help to protect the mail from intrusion and malicious software picture protection for the exchange in the work environment . Since the Microsoft Exchange portion of the Internet with EOP Cloud hosted online exchange .With the deployment of the hybrid with EOP Messages protect the environment and governed and mail routing at that place is a mix of cloud and cans workplace .The benefits of using EOP versus Exchange 2013 Easy configurationExcellent connection filteringExcellent content filteringConclusionIn conclusion, the fight against spam in the exchange in 2013 did not solve any real practical changes sins Exchange 2007 and Exchange 2010 until this day .

Co-Occurring Disorders and Behavioral Health Services

Co-Occurring Disorders and Behavioral Health ServicesJasmina VuksanovicCo-Occurring Disorders and Behavioral Health ServicesCo- fadering pains exist when at least sensation and only(a) disorder of each type can be established independent of the other and is not simply a cluster of symptoms resulting from a single disorder.1 It has also been defined as the co-occurrence of two or more psychiatric disorders.2 Depending on the disorders involved, comorbidity whitethorn be homotypic, which involves disorders from the same diagnostic group, such as intoxicant use and drug use, or heterotypic, which involves disorders from different diagnostic groups, such as alcohol use and first gear.2Prevalence and Demographic FactorsMajor depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent psychological disorders in the United States, affecting approximately 6.7% of U.S adults each year.3 Alcohol use disorder (AUD), defined as twain alcoholism and harmful drinking, is also prevalent in the United States and often co-occurs with MDD. AUD affects approximately 17 million Americans each year.4Although research has not established a definitive etiological jeopardy factor for both(prenominal) MDD and AUD, there be several proposed theories as to the association between these two disorders. Studies have shown that depressive symptoms may erupt during periods of heavy drinking and withdrawal.5 Continued heavy alcohol use may be a precursor to stressful liveness events, which in turn increases the risk of depressive disorder.5 Conversely, individuals battling depression are likely to drink heavily in order to cope with the depression, which in turn increases the risk of developing AUD.5 Among those with AUD, women have higher depression than men, as do Whites, compared to racial and/or ethnic minorities.5 In the general world, alcohol dependent men have a 24.3% lifetime prevalence of study depression, whereas alcohol dependent women have a 48.5% lifetime prevalence of major depression.5 In clinical samples, the lifetime rates of co-occurrence for women range from 50% to 70%.5 Co-occurrence of AUD and MDD is also associated with increased morbidity, mortality, functional impairment, and risk of suicide.6Another co-occurring disorder of interest is schizophrenia and substance use disorder. Schizophrenia is a chronic complaint associated with hallucinations and disorganized behavior, while the most common substances of exclaim are alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine.1 Schizophrenia affects approximately 1% of Americans, and approximately 50% of individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia also suffer from a co-occurring substance use disorder.7 When compared to individuals who suffer from schizophrenia only, dually diagnosed individuals have lower adherence to sermon, increased risk of HIV, higher hospitalization rates, are more prone to rampageous behavior, and are more likely to commit suicide.7 Schizophrenia runs in the family. If one parent has schiz ophrenia, the risk of a child developing the disorder is 13% if both parents have schizophrenia, the risk increases to 46%.8 Schizophrenia does not discriminate and affects men and women equally. Symptoms often begin between the ages of 16 and 30 and does not commonly occur in children or adults older than 45 years.8 Additionally, individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and a substance use disorder often experience onset earlier in their life than do those who suffer from schizophrenia only.8Service Delivery Barriers and Strategies to Overcome These BarriersThe fragmented wellness deal system poses a huge barricade for individuals seeking grapple for co-occurring disorders. Due to this fragmentation, patients are not able to receive comprehensive and coordinated care for addiction services and cordial health care. Of those struggling with co-occurring disorders, 8.5 % of individuals receive discourse for both disorders 38.4 % receive treatment for one or the other disorder and 53 % receive no treatment at all.1 One outline for overcoming this barrier is by integrating intellectual and somatic health care delivery. Combining mental and physical health funds to pay for services would not only increase access to coordinated care, but it would streamline the coding and billing process through the use of common codes. It would also create a network of mental and physical health providers, who would all be responsible for intimately-being of each patient, thus encouraging coordinated care.A second barrier is the stigma associated with mental illness, which impedes help seeking. This barrier can be combated by educating patients about the resources available for treatment and the overall importance of a healthy thought and body. Businesses should do more to educate employees about mental health benefits, as many may not be familiar with them. Establishing behavioral health clinics, such as the WestBridge Clinic, would provide the compassionate care many individuals with co-occurring disorders are in need of and would likely encourage these individuals to seek treatment.A third barrier is one that is faced by Medicare patients as same day separate billing for mental health and medical care is not covered under Medicare.1 With the oncoming demographic shift, this segment of the population cannot be ignored. Though this is a more difficult barrier to overcome, policy changes should be made to ensure the old have access to mental health services in the principal(a) care setting. Increasing the scope of practice for clinical staff may be a feasible strategy for overcoming this barrier.Implications for Behavioral HealthThroughout this course we have learned that organizational leaders and clinical staff must butt a certain level of commitment to providing quality care in order to in effect(p)ly treat dually diagnosed individuals. As we see look at accountable Care Organizations, the benefits of coordinated care become even more appa rent. The ACA shifts the focus to evidence-based practices, which leave become integral for more effective treatment and improvement in service delivery of co-occurring disorders. Adequate screening methods and health assessments by primary care providers are the first step in the treatment and recovery process1 and will undoubtedly lead to improved detection rates and treatment of dually diagnosed individuals. It is essential for clinicians to understand the epidemiology of all disorders a person is deplorable from to ensure correct and effective treatment is received. Service delivery can be expected to improve with an increase in more educated clinical staff. Clinicians must be knowledgeable about possible interaction of the two disorders and how both can be treated, rather than just one. However, as long as stigma continues to surround the melodic theme of mental health, there will continue to be hesitation by mentally ill individuals to seek treatment. As a society, we must take the inevitable steps and encourage help seeking by those suffering from a mental illness.ReferencesLevin BL, Hennessy KD, Petrila J (Eds.). psychic Health Services A Public HealthPerspective, thirdly Edition.New York Oxford University Press 2010.Falk D, Yi H, Hiller-Sturmhofel S. An epidemiologic analysis of co-occurring alcohol anddrug use and disorders. Alcohol Research Health. 2008 31(2) 100-110.National Institute of Mental Health. Available online athttp//www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/depression/index.shtml. Accessed February 19 2014.National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. Available online athttp//www.niaaa.nih.gov/alcohol-health/overview-alcohol-consumption/alcohol-facts-and-statistics. Accessed February 19 2014.Conner KR, Pinquart M, Gamble SA. Meta analysis of depression and substance use amongindividuals with alcohol use disorders. Journal of bosom Abuse Treatment. 2009 37 127-137.Riper H, Andersson G, Hunter SB, et al. Treatment of comorbid alcohol us e disorders anddepression with cognitive-behavioural therapy and motivational interviewing a meta-analysis. Addiction. 2013 109 394406.Green AI, Noordsy DL, Brunette MF, et al. Substance abuse and schizophreniaPharmacotherapeutic intervention. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 2008 34 61 71.National Institute of Mental Health. Available online athttp//www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/schizophrenia/index.shtml. Accessed February 19 2014.QUESTION 3Is Mental Health a Public Health Issue?Among U.S. adults age 18 years and older, an estimated 26 percent suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder each year, and for young adults, mental disorders are the leading cause of disability.1 Mental illness also bears a heavy ruin on the global economy. The WHO estimates that 14% of the global disease burden is attributable to mental illness.2 Among the twenty most significant causes of disease burden worldwide are depression (3rd), alcohol use disorder (7th), bipolar disorder (12th), schizophren ia (14th), and substance abuse disorders (20th).2Compared to all health expenditures, mental health and substance abuse expenditures have been decreasing since 1986, and are estimated to account for 6.9% of the nations health care expenditures in 2014.3 Mental illness increases the risk of developing a physical illness, communicable and non-communicable disease, and intentional and unintentional injury.2 To decrease prevalence of mental illness and its adverse effects on overall health of individuals, it is necessary to integrate mental health service delivery into the nations unexclusive health system.The public health system encompasses a broad array of topics, which creates opportunities for desegregation of mental health services through community education, epidemiologic surveys, health screening and assessment, ensuring adequate access to care, identifying risk factors and determinants of health, focusing on prevention and early intervention, and promoting share-out of info rmation among health care providers.3Traditionally, mental and physical health have been treated in two separate service delivery systems. However, majority of adults diagnosed with a mental disorder to not seek treatment, and those who do, seek treatment within the primary care sector, rather than a specialty behavioral health care sector.3 Integration of the mental and physical service delivery systems leads to better health outcomes in primary care, home health care, and long-term care setting, as well as increased mental health care access, rates of treatment, improved treatment adherence, enhanced clinical and functional outcomes, and greater cost-effectiveness.3 Among older adults suffering from depression, integration of physical and mental health services has shown a decrease in health care dollars spent on care, improved survival, and improved quality of life.1Among individuals suffering from substance abuse disorders, integrated care leads to lower hospitalization rates, i npatient days, emergency room use, and medical costs.3One example of an integrated health care delivery system is the Veterans Health Administration, the nations largest integrated health care system. Zeiss identified five key reasons for this integration. First, patients prefer to receive mental health care in the same setting as primary care, as they are most familiar and comfortable with their primary care provider.4 Second, primary care providers often fail to diagnose or misdiagnose a mental illness, especially in older patients who may have other health conditions.4 compound care can increase detection and accuracy of diagnosis. Third, patients are more likely to seek treatment for a mental illness when a diagnosis is determined in primary care and when care is available in the primary care setting.4 Of importance is the difficulty of primary care referral to mental health providers.4 Studies have shown an astounding 75% of patients fail to follow through with the referral a nd therefore do not get the mental health treatment, whereas 90% receive treatment when it is provided by the primary care provider.4 Fourth, integrated care allows for information sharing among providers. Of highest importance is information relating to the patients diagnosis and treatment options. It allows both health providers to provide ongoing care and treatment to the patient, without overlap of information, or exchange of misinformation among the providers. Fifth, screening for mental illness in the primary care setting may lead to reduction in the stigmatization of mental illness as it will be viewed as one of many steps of a health assessment provided to all primary care patients.4 These findings have been echoed through other studies, as we have learned throughout the course of the semester.Implications for Behavioral HealthMental illness affects a significant proportion of the U.S. population and the importance of efficient treatment cannot be understated. Integrating me ntal health services into the traditional public health delivery system and increasing collaboration and information sharing among providers of different disciplines is a key aspect of delivering holistic care. Through course lectures, interlingual rendition assignments, and videos, we have learned that populations at higher risk of developing a mental illness are more likely to delay treatment, or not seek treatment at all, receive lower quality care, and have higher rates of co-occurring illness and morbidity. The traditional health care model emphasizes birth control device care and early treatment, which must be a primary focus for mental health services as well, in order to keep the population healthy, lower the prevalence of mental illness, and maintain an affordable health care system. The number of mental health facilities and organizations providing mental health services and treatment has rock-bottom from 3,942 in 1990 to 3,130 in 2008,1 thus the need for integration is essential. In order to create a holistic healthcare system, we must break down the vivacious barriers between the mental and physical health care delivery sectors.ReferencesLevin BL. Week 3 Lecture Mental Health Systems.2014. 1-11.Levin BL. Week 2 Lecture Epidemiologic, Historical, legislative Perspectives.2014 4-15.Levin BL, Hennessy KD, Petrila J (Eds.).Mental Health Services A Public HealthPerspective, Third Edition.New York Oxford University Press 2010.Zeiss AM, Karlin BE. Integrating mental health and primary care services in the Department ofVeterans Affairs health care system. Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings. 2008 157378.

FGM: Female Genital Mutilation Must be Outlawed Worldwide Essay

pistillate Genital Mutilation, shortened to FGM in most medical texts, is collective name given to several different traditional practices that exact the cutting of female genitals. FGM is a common cultural practice in some parts of the world, especially Africa and Asia that was established hundreds of long time ago. There are many different types of FGM, ranging from clitoridectomy, to cutting and infibulations (Skaine 7). Even though these procedures are accepted in the areas they are practiced, FGM has become a human rights discussion resurfacing in recent years because the procedures coif no purpose. Female Genital Mutilation is an unethical practice that should be outlawed throughout the entire world.FGM, specifically infibulation, is believed to have started in Arabia and then bypass to Africa through a well-established trade route. FGM has never been considered a hygienic practice because most of the procedures annoy hygiene more difficult (Pieters). The sole purpose of FGM is to make sexual contact unsatisfactory for the woman, no matter what the motive is. Some girls go through FGM procedures at a young age to calm their fathers nerves and others undergo the procedures so she wont stray from her husband. In Egypt, 97 percent of women have undergone a Female Circumcision procedure sometime in their lives plot only 82 percent approve of it. An Indonesian study showed that midwives performed from about 68 to 88 percent of all procedures (Skaine 42). Most of the time, girls that receive a Female Circumcision dont even get a chance to voice their opinions because they are too young when the procedure is performed.While Female Genital Mutilation procedures serve their purpose, to take away sexual satisfaction, every advers... ...problem is viewed by the public. According to the Womankind Worldwide organization, in order to achieve the abolition of FGM two things must happen FGM necessitate to be firmly placed on national governments agendas and the re must be clear laws specifically criminalizing FGM (Womankind Worldwide 32). Until those two things happen, Female Genital Mutilation will touch on to be a worldwide concern. Developed nations must help the countries lagging behind to smooth the progress of eradicating FGM (Skaine 79). The frequency of genital cutting in man-to-man countries makes the practice seem irrelevant in many parts of the world however the practice is a worldwide human rights concern. A persons body should non be deformed, unless for hygienic or medical reasons, without the individuals permission therefore any form of Female Genital Mutilation should not take place.

Simultaneous Multithreading :: Threads Caches Hyper Threading Essays

Simultaneous MultithreadingSimultaneous multithreading put simply, the shar-ing of the carrying into action resources of a superscalar processor betweenmultiple execution threads has recently become widespread viaits introduction (under the name Hyper-Threading) into IntelPentium 4 processors. In this implementation, for reasons of ef-ficiency and economy of processor area, the sharing of processorresources between threads extends beyond the execution units ofparticular meet is that the threads share access to the memorycaches.We demonstrate that this shared access to memory caches pro-vides not only an easily used high bandwidth covert channel be-tween threads, provided also permits a malicious thread (operating, intheory, with limited privileges) to monitor the execution of anotherthread, allowing in many cases for theft of cryptographic keys.Finally, we provide some suggestions to processor designers, op-erating strategy vendors, and the authors of cryptographic software,o f how this attack could be mitigated or eliminated entirely.1. IntroductionAs integrated circuit fabrication technologies have improved, provid-ing not only faster transistors but smaller transistors, processor design-ers have been met with two critical challenges. First, memory latencieshave increased dramatically in relative terms and second, while it iseasy to spend extra transistors on building special execution units,many programs have fairly limited instruction-level parallelism, whichlimits the extent to which additional execution resources can be uti-lized. Caches provide a partial solution to the first problem, whileout-of-order execution provides a partial solution to the second.In 1995, coincident multithreading was revived1in order to com-bat these two difficulties 12. Where out-of-order execution allows instruction manual to be reordered ( reduce to maintaining architectural se-mantics) within a narrow window of perhaps a hundred instructions,Key words and phrases. Si de channels, simultaneous multithreading, caching.1Simultaneous multithreading had existed since at least 1974 in theory 10, evenif it had not yet been shown to be practically feasible.--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Page 2 simultaneous multithreading allows instructions to be reordered acrossthreads that is, rather than having the operating system perform con-text switches between two threads, it can schedule both threads simul-taneously on the same processor, and instructions will be interleaved,dramatically increasing the utilization of existing execution resources.On the 2.8 GHz Intel Pentium 4 with Hyper-Threading processor,with which the remainder of this paper is concerned2, the two threadsbeing executed on each processor share more than merely the execu-tion units of particular concern to us, they share access to the memorycaches 8. Caches have already been demonstrated to be cryptograph-ically dangerous Many implementations of AES 9 are subject to tim-ing attacks arising from the non-constancy of S-box lookup timings 1.